Human disease L6: CVD 6 – cardiac failure and its relevance to dental practice

Question 1

Q8: name the heart condition?

Answer 1

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 2

Q10: why would someone suffering from heart disease feel fatigued?

Answer 2

Because they are not receiving adequate oxygen to the muscles due to poor cardiac output.

Question 3

Q13: a patient suffering from poor cardiac output and pulmonary oedema, how would you sit this patient on your dental chair?

Answer 3

Have them sit slightly more upright compared to other patients.

Question 4

Q5: which disease of the myocardium results in the loss of elasticity of the ventricles making them floppy with poor contraction?

Answer 4

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 5

Q1: heart failure does not necessarily mean your heart no longer can pump blood, what is the definition of heart failure?

Answer 5

Essentially heart not able to adequately pump blood around body.

Question 6

Q2: myocardial infarction is a result of inadequate blood supply to which muscle?

Answer 6

Myocardium

Question 7

Q9: denoting or relating to disease or medical condition that are simultaneously present in a patient e.g. diabetes and disease, psychiatric disorders, and substance abuse. The above statement is defined as.

Answer 7

Comorbidity

Question 8

Q16: if you are in the recumbent position, what are you doing?

Answer 8

You are lying down

Question 9

Q19: an echocardiogram is used to define heart failure in two groups. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and heart failure with reduced fraction. Which group is referred to as systolic heart failure,where the heart muscle does not contract effectively, and therefore less oxygen-rich blood is pumped out to the body?

Answer 9

Reduced ejection fraction

Question 10

Q23: current practice guidelines for heart failure therapy recommend avoiding non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), why?

Answer 10

because they can cause sodium retention and vasoconstriction and can reduce the effectiveness and increase the toxicity of ACE inhibitors and diuretics.

Question 11

Q3: hypertensive heart disease can result in the stiffening of ventricles and cause hypertrophy of the ventricles how can this cause problems?

Answer 11

The stiffening of the ventricles means that they are not as flexible compared to normal, resulting in a failure to meet cardiac output demands.

Question 12

Q4: structural heart disease refers to what structures in the heart in relation to disease?

Answer 12

Structural heart disease refers heart valve disease

Question 13

Q18: which hormone is secreted by the heart when there is an increase in heat failure?

Answer 13

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP).

Question 14

Q15: what is orthopnoea?

Answer 14

Is the sensation of breathlessness in the recumbent position

Question 15

Q21: which medical treatment is available for people suffering from preserved ejection fraction?

Answer 15

Diuretics (bumetanide and furosemide)

Question 16

Q20: an echocardiogram is used to define heart failure in two groups. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and heart failure with reduced fraction. Which group is referred to as diastolic heart failure, where left ventricle is not able to fill properly with blood resulting in the amount of blood pumped out of the body being less than normal?

Answer 16

Preserved ejection fraction.

Question 17

Q17: what is Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea?

Answer 17

Is a sensation of shortness of breath that awakens the patient, often after 1 or 2 hours of sleep, and is usually relieved in the upright position.

Question 18

Q11: what is defined as accumulation of fluid in the lungs, resulting in impaired gas exchange and arterial hypoxemia?

Answer 18

: pulmonary congestion.

Question 19

Q7: what is the name given to the heart condition where there is an enlargement of the left ventricles?

Answer 19

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 20

Q6: name the heart condition?

Answer 20

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 21

Q22: what effects of diuretics are observed in a dental patient?

Answer 21

Patients on diuretic medication have a higher prevalence of xerostomia, periodontitis, dental caries, and mucosal lesions.

Question 22

Q12: how does pulmonary congestion result in the accumulation of fluid in the lungs?

Answer 22

When the heart is not able to pump efficiently, blood can back up into the veins that take blood through the lungs. As the pressure in these blood vessels increases, fluid is pushed into the air spaces (alveoli) in the lungs

Question 23

Q14: other than pulmonary oedema, what other form of oedema is present in people suffering from heart disease?

Answer 23

Peripheral oedema