Human disease L29: dobson upper gi

Question 1

Gastrointestinal Disorders are common, and defined by their anatomical locations, where are these 4 locations

Answer 1

upper gi

lower gi

pancreas

biliary system - livver, gallbladder and associated ducts

Question 2

the small intestine is broken down in to three parts , name the parts

Answer 2

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

(DJ ileum)

Question 3

the guts fuction is digestion and absorption

what two things can the stomach absorb

Answer 3

alcohol and weak acids (aspirin)

Question 4

the small intestine absorbs products of digestion such as carbohydrates, protein, electrolytes, vitamins, and water.

where is iron primarily absorbed in the small intestine

Answer 4

duodenum

Question 5

the small intestine absorbs products of digestion such as carbohydrates, protein, electrolytes, vitamins, and water.

where is folate primarily absorbed in the small intestine

Answer 5

jejunum

Question 6

the small intestine absorbs products of digestion such as carbohydrates, protein, electrolytes, vitamins, and water.

where is vitamin B12 primarily absorbed in the small intestine

Answer 6

ileum

Question 7

the pancreas is made up of endocrine and exocrine tissues. how are these tissues different

Answer 7

exocrine tissues release enzymes such as pancreatic enzymes (pancreatic proteolytic enzymes, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase)

endocrine tissues release hormones such as insulin and glucagon

Question 8

would you expect to fine endocrine or exocrine tissues at the islets of langerhans

Answer 8

The pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans are the regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine (hormone-producing) cells,

Question 9

which organ is responsible for the metabolism of nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and lipds) after adsorption from the gastronintestinal tract?

Answer 9

the liver

Question 10

which organ is responsible for the detoxifying and degrading toxins suuch as - body wastes, hormones, drugs, and foreign compounds

Answer 10

the liver

Question 11

This stored form of glucose is made up of many connected glucose molecules and is called?

Answer 11

glycogen

Question 12

which organ is responsible for plasma protein synthesis

Answer 12

the liver

Question 13

which hormone is responsible for the growth and development of megakaryocytes

Answer 13

thrombopoietin

Question 14

what are megakaryocytes

Answer 14

Megakaryocytes are cells in the bone marrow responsible for making platelets, which are necessary for blood clotting.

Question 15

what is the name of this cell

Answer 15

megakaryocyte

Question 16

what is bilirubin

Answer 16

Bilirubin is a yellowish substance in your blood. It forms after red blood cells break down, and it travels through your liver, gallbladder, and digestive tract before being excreted.

Question 17

The condition of having high bilirubin levels is called

Answer 17

hyperbilirubinemia

Question 18

Many babies are also born with high bilirubin, causing a condition called newborn jaundice. This causes yellow-tinted skin and eyes. It happens because,

Answer 18

at birth, the liver often isn’t yet fully able to process bilirubin. This is a temporary condition that usually resolves on its own within a few weeks.

Question 19

Your gallbladder is responsible for making bile,

what is the function of bile

Answer 19

bile is a digestive fluid that helps break down fats before they enter your intestines.

Question 20

when substances like cholesterol or bilirubin harden in your gallbladder, what do you develop

Answer 20

gallstones

Question 21

• pain in your upper right abdomen or right below your chest
• back pain between your shoulders or in your right shoulder
• feeling sick
• throwing up

which condition do the above symptoms indicate

Answer 21

gallstones

Question 22

Gilbert’s syndrome is a genetic liver condition that causes your liver to not process what properly

Answer 22

bilirubin

Question 23

what is the function of the gall bladdder

Answer 23

concentration and storage of bile (fat digestion / absorption)

Question 24

the bile duct open into the?

Answer 24

duodenum

Question 25

what colour is bile

Answer 25

yellow

it gets its colour from bilirubin

Question 26

dysphagia is the term given for difficulty swallowing.

if someone is showing symptoms of dysphagia, why is that worrying?

Answer 26

it could be esophageal cancer

Question 27

discomfort related to upper GI tract (heartburn, pain, acidity) is known as what

Answer 27

dyspepsia

Question 28

what is water brash

Answer 28

Water brash is a symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Sometimes it’s also called acid brash. If you have acid reflux, stomach acid gets into your throat. This may make you salivate more. If this acid mixes with the excess saliva during reflux, you’re experiencing water brash

Question 29

what is odynophagia and is it a red flag symptom in esophageal cancer

Answer 29

odynophagia refers to pain on swallowing and is a red flag symptom

Question 30

steatorrhoea is the term given for pale bulky stools, what does this indicate?

Answer 30

this indicates that bile secretion didnt occur, which indicate a probelm in the bile duct, gall bladder or liver

Question 31

what is the term given when you vomit blood

Answer 31

haematemesis

Question 32

the production of dark sticky faeces containing partly digested blood, as a result of internal bleeding or the swallowing of blood, is known as what

Answer 32

melaena

Question 33

Melena is the passage of black, tarry stools. what is term used, for the passage of fresh blood per anus, usually in or with stools.

Answer 33

Hematochezia

Question 34

direct visulaisation of the upper gi tract using an endscope is known as what procedure

Answer 34

endoscopy

Question 35

a colonoscopy examines the entire length of the colon; sigmoidscopy examines only what other section of the colon

Answer 35

only the lower third of the colon

Question 36

a faecal calprotectin test is used to detect what

Answer 36

Calprotectin is a stool (faecal) test that is used to detect inflammation in the intestines.

Question 37

qFIT testing uses specific antibodies against human haemoglobin and quantifies the amount of what? in stool

Answer 37

detects occult (blood you can not visulaise) blood

Question 38

if someone had a positive quantitative faecal immunochemical test, they would go on to have which procedure

Answer 38

colonoscopy

Question 39

men and women in scotalnd are invited to under go qFIT test as part of the bowel cancer screening programme.

what ages do the participants fall in to and how often would they get screened

Answer 39

bowel cancer screening programme are offered to men and women from the ages of 50-79 every 2 years

Question 40

which bacteria is the most common cause of peptic ulcer disease

Answer 40

helicobacter pylori

Question 41

if a patient is suffering from dyspepsia and peptic ulcers, which bacteria would you be testing for, and what tests would you do?

Answer 41

urea breath test

stool helicobacter antigen test

serology

(helicobacter pylori)

Question 42

how is a urea breath test done

Answer 42

pylori produces an enzyme called urease, which breaks urea down into ammonia and carbon dioxide. During the test, a tablet containing urea is swallowed and the amount of exhaled carbon dioxide is measured. This indicates the presence of H. pylori in the stomach.

Question 43

what is the name of the test that looks for h pylori in your stool

Answer 43

stool helicobacter pylori antigen test

Question 44

the scientific study or diagnostic examination of blood serum, especially with regard to the response of the immune system to pathogens or introduced substances. is known as?

Answer 44

serology

Question 45

what is oesophagitis

Answer 45

Oesophagitis means inflammation of the lining of the oesophagus. Most cases of oesophagatis are due to reflux of stomach acid which irritates the inside lining of the oesophagus. The lining of the oesophagus can cope with a certain amount of acid.

Question 46

what is esophageal varcies

Answer 46

Esophageal varices are enlarged veins in the esophagus. They’re often due to obstructed blood flow through the portal vein, which carries blood from the intestine, pancreas and spleen to the liver.

Esophageal varices may leak blood and eventually rupture. This can lead to severe bleeding and life-threatening complications, including death. When this happens, it’s a medical emergency

Question 47

Sometimes, violent coughing or vomiting can tear the tissue of your lower esophagus and it can start to bleed. The condition is called a

Answer 47

mallory-weiss tear

Question 48

a sore on the lining of your stomach, small intestine or esophagus, is known as a what?

Answer 48

a peptic ulcer

Question 49

which condition occurs when the lining of the stomach becomes inflamed after it’s been damaged

Answer 49

gastritis

Question 50

what is GORD

Answer 50

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

Question 51

is a condition in which the flat pink lining of the swallowing tube that connects the mouth to the stomach (esophagus) becomes damaged by acid reflux, which causes the lining to thicken and become red.

which condition is being described

Answer 51

barrets esophagus

Question 52

is the medical term for a sensation of a lump in the throat where no true lump exists

Answer 52

globus

Question 53

patients with peptic ulcer disease, what medication should we caution with

Answer 53

NSAIDs

Question 54

what is hematinic deficiency

Answer 54

A hematinic is a nutrient required for the formation of blood cells in the process of hematopoiesis. The main hematinics are iron, B12, and folate. Deficiency in hematinics can lead to anaemia

Question 55

name this condition

Answer 55

angular cheilitis

Question 56

name this condition

Answer 56

glossitis