human disease L23 - MSK 3 bone disease

Question 1

there two forms of hyperparathyroidism, which type is the condition in which one or more of the parathyroid glands make too much parathyroid hormone?

Answer 1

primary hyperparathyroidism

Question 2

how does secondary hyperparathyroidism occur

Answer 2

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a condition in which a disease outside of the parathyroid glands causes all of the parathyroid glands to become enlarged and hyperactive. The most common causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism are kidney failure and vitamin D deficiency

Question 3

what is the name of the disease that disrupts the normal cycle of bone renewal, causing bones to become weakened and possibly deformed.

Answer 3

paget’s disease

Question 4

what is the main cause of osteoporosis

Answer 4

A lifelong lack of calcium plays a role in the development of osteoporosis. Low calcium intake contributes to diminished bone density, early bone loss and an increased risk of fractures. Eating disorders. Severely restricting food intake and being underweight weakens bone in both men and women

Question 5

what is osteomalacia and what causes it?

Answer 5

Osteomalacia refers to a marked softening of your bones, most often caused by severe vitamin D deficiency. The softened bones of children and young adults with osteomalacia can lead to bowing during growth, especially in weight-bearing bones of the legs. Osteomalacia in older adults can lead to fractures.

Question 6

the parathyroid gland regulates what in the blood

Answer 6

calcium levels

Question 7

during calcium homeostasis, decreased blood Ca2+ stimulates what

Answer 7

stimulates parathyroid hormone secretion from the parathyroid glands

Question 8

during calcium homeostasis what affect does the parathyroid hormone have on the bone?

Answer 8

parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone and release Ca2+ into the blood

Question 9

during calcium homeostasis what affect does parathyroid hormone have on the kidneys

Answer 9

in the kidneys, parathyroid hormone increases Ca2+ reasorption from the urine. parathyroid hormone also stimulates active vitamin D formation

Question 10

which organs convert vitamin D in to the active hormone, what is the name of this hormone

Answer 10

the liver and kidneys convert vitamin D (produced in the skin and taken up in the diet), into the active hormone, which is called calcitriol.

Active vitamin D helps to increase the amount of calcium the gut can absorb from eaten food into the bloodstream and also prevents calcium loss from the kidneys.

Question 11

how does calcitriol (active vitamin D) help with calcium homeostasis

Answer 11

calcitriol promotes Ca2+ absorption from the small intestine into the blood.

Question 12

where is calcitonin produced

Answer 12

calcitonin is a hormone made by the thyroid

Question 13

what is the function of calcitonin

Answer 13

Calcitonin is involved in helping to regulate levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood, opposing the action of parathyroid hormone. This means that it acts to reduce calcium levels in the blood

Question 14

inreased blood CA2+ stimulates the release of what hormone and from which gland

Answer 14

increased blood Ca2+ stimulates calcitonin secretion from the thyroid gland

Question 15

how does calcitonin increase the uptake of Ca2+ from the blood to the bone

Answer 15

calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts, which allows for enhanced osteoblast uptake of Ca2+ from the blood to deposit into bone.

Question 16

a continually high parathyroid hormone will result in what of the bone

Answer 16

bone will continually undergo resporption

Question 17

primary hyperparathyroidism results in the excess of parathyroid hormone, what is usually the likely cause of this

Answer 17

usually adeonma in parathyroid gland

Question 18

primary hyperthyroidism symptoms include

confusion

depression

constipation

abdominal pains

bone pains and kidney stones

if untreated hypercalcaemia can lead to what reagrding the heart

Answer 18

cardiac dysrhythmia and death

Question 19

bones, stones, groans and psychic moans is a diagnostic tool to detect which condition

Answer 19

hypercalcaemia

Question 20

what is this and what causes it

Answer 20

this is a giant cell lesion and is formed as a result of bone resorption through hyperparathyroidism

Question 21

you look at a patients x ray, they have mentioned to you that they suffered from hyperparathyroidism what you expect to see when look at the lamina dura around the roots

Answer 21

loss of lamina dura

Question 22

what is the name of the disorder that occurs when people are unable to absorb nutrients from their diets, such as carbohydrates, fats, minerals, proteins, or vitamins.

Answer 22

malabsorption

Question 23

what type of soluble vitamin is vitamin D

Answer 23

vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin like vitamin A, E and K

Question 24

a poor intake of oily fish, eggs, red meat, fortified cereal, and margarine will increase the chance of which deficiency

Answer 24

vitamin D

Question 25

why might someone with crohn’s disease most likely have vitamin D deficiency

Answer 25

vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin, which absorbed by the small intestine.

someone suffering from crohn’s disease will suffer from malabsorption in the intestines

Question 26

vitamin D deficiency in adults is called osteomalacia, what is the name given to children suffering from vitamin D deficiency

Answer 26

rickets

Question 27

this is a typical deformity in children suffering from which condition

Answer 27

rickets (Vitamin D deficiency)

Question 28

looser’s zone shown in a radiograph is an area of what dentisity

Answer 28

area of low density, you would get fractures in this area.