Hormonal Coordination In Humans Flashcards
How do hormones travel
Through blood stream
What are hormones
Chemical messengers that can help control things in organs and cells that need constant adjustment. They are produced by glands called endocrine glands (these glands make your endocrine system). They have relatively long lasting effects
What are the different endocrine glands
- Pituitary gland: at the base of the brain
- Thyroid gland: the base of your neck
- Ovaries
- Adrenal gland: in your kidneys
- Pancreas
- Testes
Describe the pituitary gland
- Produces hormones to regulate the body
- described as ‘master gland’ because these hormones act on other glands, directing them to release hormones that bring about change
Describe the thyroid gland
- produces thyroxine: used to regulate;
rate of metabolism,
heart rate,
body temp
Describe the ovaries as a gland
- only for females
- produces oestrogen which is involved with the menstrual cycle
Describe the Adrenal gland
- produces adrenaline: used to prepare body for a ‘fight or flight’ reflex response
Describe the pancreas as a gland
- produces insulin: to regulate the blood glucose levels
Describe testes as a gland
- males only
- produces testosterone: controls puberty and sperm production
What do carbohydrates give
It puts glucose (a type of sugar) into the blood from the gut
How is glucose removed from the blood
- normal metabolism of cells
- But Vigorous exercise can remove much more glucose from the blood
What happens to excess glucose
Excess levels is stored as glycogen in the liver and in the muscles
What makes sure that levels of glucose are balanced?
- Changes are monitored and controlled by the pancreas,
- using the hormones insulin and glucagon,
- in a negative feedback cycle
Explain step by step what happens if there is too much glucose in blood
- Pancreas detects it’s to high/low
- pancreas releases insulin if too high
- pancreas releases glucagon if too low
- insulin moves glucose into cells by converting it into glycogen. This decreases blood sugar levels
- Glucagon converts glycogen back to glucose, releasing it into bloodstream. This increases blood sugar levels
What is diabetes
A condition that affects your ability to control your blood sugar level. Diabetes has two types,
- Type 1: when little or no insulin is made
- Type 2: Insulin resistance
What is type 1 diabetes
- The pancreas produces little or not enough insulin
- a person’s blood glucose level can rise and kill them
- Insulin therapy is needed to combat this: It consists of several insulin injections throughout the day, most likely at mealtimes
- The injections help remove the glucose from the blood quickly once the food have been digested, this makes sure that blood sugar levels don’t get too high
- The amount of insulin needing to be injected depends on the person’s diet and how active they are
- As well as injections, they need to limit their intake of simple carbohydrates (sugar) which causes blood glucose to rise rapidly, they also need to take lots of exercise to help remove excess glucose from blood
What is type 2 diabetes
- Resistant to their own insulin. They still produce insulin but cells and body don’t respond
- This can cause a person’s blood sugar level to rise to a dangerous level
- Being obese/overweight can increase risk factor of developing it
- It can be controlled by eating a carbohydrate-controlled diet and regular exercise
Which is faster, Hormones or Nerves
Nerves
Which act for longer, hormones or nerves
Hormones
Which act more precisely and which act more generally, hormones or nerves
- Nerves = precise area
- Hormones = General
Why’s it no good using hormones to carry information to effectors about danger
It isn’t fast enough
What happens if blood glucose levels are too low
- glucagon is secreted by pancreas
- glucagon travels in blood stream
- glucagon makes liver turn glycogen into glucose
- glucose is released into blood by liver
- Blood glucose levels increase
What is done to treat type 1 diabetes
- Insulin therapy: Iseveral insulin injections throughout the day, most likely at mealtimes
—> injections help remove glucose from blood quickly once food is digested
—> so that blood sugar levels don’t get too high - limit their intake of simple carbohydrates (sugar) which causes blood glucose to rise rapidly,
- take lots of exercise to help remove excess glucose from blood
For treating type 1 diabetes, how much insulin that needs to be injected depends upon a person’s ______ and _____
Diet and how active they are
What can increase the risk factor of type 2 diabetes and what can be done to control
- Being obese/overweight can increase risk factor of developing it
- It can be controlled by eating a carbohydrate-controlled diet and regular exercise
