Homeostasis - blood glucose Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is the maintenance of an internal environment within restricted limits of an organism

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2
Q

Importance of homeostasis

A

Enzymes are pH and Temperature specific

Changes to water potential = burst

Ability to adapt to a wider environment, greater survival rate

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3
Q

5 features of a feedback mechanism (ORCEF)

A

Optimum point

Receptor

Coordinator

Effective

Feedback mechanism

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4
Q

Negative feedback

A

Where a change reduces the effect of a change (blood glucose)

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5
Q

Positive feedback

A

A deviation from an optimum causes even greater deviation from normal

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6
Q

Ectotherms

A

Rely on outside sources to regulate body temperature

  • Basking in sunlight
  • Shelter
  • Warmth from the ground
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7
Q

Endortherms

A

Rely on inside sources to regulate body temperature

  • vasoconstriction & vasodilation
  • sweating
  • shivering
  • movement of hair
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8
Q

Role of the pancreas in the control of blood glucose concentration

A

Made of cells that produce digestive enzymes known as Islets of Langerhans.

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9
Q

Different types of cells of the islets of langerhans

A

Alpha cells = produce glucagon

Beta cells = produce insulin

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10
Q

Role of the liver in regulating blood sugar

A

It is where insulin and glucagon take effect.

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11
Q

Three processes that take place in the liver

A

Glycogenesis

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogensis

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12
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

The conversion of glucose into glycogen

GENESIS = SYNTHESIS

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13
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

The breakdown of glycogen to glucose

HYDROLYSIS = BREAKING DOWN

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14
Q

What is gluconeogensis?

A

The production of glucose from other sources like amino acids and glycerol

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15
Q

Factors effecting blood glucose concentration

A

Diet - glucose from carbohydrates

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogensis

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16
Q

Three hormones that regulate blood glucose

A

Insulin - beta cells

Glucagon - alpha cells

Adrenaline - adrenal gland

17
Q

How do beta cells regulate glucose concentration?

A

Beta cells have receptors that detect rises in blood glucose.

They respond by secreting insulin into the blood plasma

Insulin combines with glycoprotein receptors on all cells but RBC causing:

An increase in the rate of glucose absorption

Increase the respiratory rate of cells

Increase the rate of glycogenesis

18
Q

How do alpha cells regulate blood glucose concentration?

A

Fall in glucose detected by alpha cells

Glucagon is secreted directly into the blood plasma causing:

Attachment to protein receptors on liver cell

Activation of protein kinase

Active enzymes for gluconeogensis

19
Q

What is the tole of adrenaline in regulating blood glucose concentration?

A

Attach to receptors on the cell surface membrane and change the shape of the inner protein

Adenyl cyclase is activates which converts ATP to cAMP which binds to protein kinase and activates it

Protein kinase catalyses the reaction of glycogen to glucose which moves into the blood

20
Q

What is diabetes?

A

The inability to metabolise carbohydrate

21
Q

Two types of diabeties

A

Type 1

Type 2

22
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Due to the body being unable to produce insulin, autoimmune disorder where the B cells are destroyed.

23
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Glycoproteins are lost or unresponsive to insulin, caused by obesity and poor lifestyle choices

24
Q

How is type 1 diabetes controlled?

A

Controlled by insulin injections ONLY - biosensor used

25
Q

How is type 2 diabetes controlled?

A

Regulation of carbohydrate in diet OR insulin injections