3.7: Mitosis Flashcards
Cell division can take place either by what?
Cell division can take place either by:
- Mitosis
Or,
- Meiosis
Cell division can take place either by mitosis or meiosis.
What does mitosis produce?
Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells
Cell division can take place either by mitosis or meiosis.
Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells that have what?
Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes as:
- Each other
- The parent cell
Cell division can take place either by mitosis or meiosis.
Meiosis produces what?
Meiosis produces 4 daughter cells
Cell division can take place either by mitosis or meiosis.
Meiosis produces 4 daughter cells, each with what?
Meiosis produces 4 daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
Mitosis
Mitosis is division of a cell that results in each of the daughter cells having an exact copy of the DNA of the parent cell
Mitosis:
Mitosis is division of a cell that results in each of the daughter cells having an exact copy of the DNA of the parent cell.
Except in the rare event of what, the genetic make-up of the 2 daughter nuclei is also identical to what?
Except in the rare event of a mutation, the genetic make-up of the 2 daughter nuclei is also identical to that of the parent nucleus
Mitosis:
Mitosis is division of a cell that results in each of the daughter cells having an exact copy of the DNA of the parent cell.
Except in the rare event of a mutation, the genetic make-up of the 2 daughter nuclei is also identical to that of the parent nucleus.
Mitosis is always preceded by what?
Mitosis is always preceded by a period during which the cell is not dividing
Mitosis:
Mitosis is division of a cell that results in each of the daughter cells having an exact copy of the DNA of the parent cell.
Except in the rare event of a mutation, the genetic make-up of the 2 daughter nuclei is also identical to that of the parent nucleus.
Mitosis is always preceded by a period during which the cell is not dividing.
This period is called what?
This period is called interphase
Interphase
Interphase is a period of considerable cellular activity
Interphase:
Interphase is a period of considerable cellular activity that includes what?
Interphase is a period of considerable cellular activity that includes a very important event
Interphase:
Interphase is a period of considerable cellular activity that includes a very important event, what?
Interphase is a period of considerable cellular activity that includes a very important event, the replication of DNA
Mitosis:
Mitosis is division of a cell that results in each of the daughter cells having an exact copy of the DNA of the parent cell.
Except in the rare event of a mutation, the genetic make-up of the 2 daughter nuclei is also identical to that of the parent nucleus.
Mitosis is always preceded by a period during which the cell is not dividing.
This period is called interphase.
Interphase is a period of considerable cellular activity that includes a very important event, the replication of DNA.
The how many copies of DNA after replication remain how?
The 2 copies of DNA after replication remain joined at a place called the centromere
Mitosis:
Mitosis is division of a cell that results in each of the daughter cells having an exact copy of the DNA of the parent cell.
Except in the rare event of a mutation, the genetic make-up of the 2 daughter nuclei is also identical to that of the parent nucleus.
Mitosis is always preceded by a period during which the cell is not dividing.
This period is called interphase.
Interphase is a period of considerable cellular activity that includes a very important event, the replication of DNA.
The 2 copies of DNA after replication remain joined at a place called the centromere.
Although mitosis is a what process, it can be divided into how many stages for convenience?
Although mitosis is a continuous process, it can be divided into 4 stages for convenience:
- Prophase (early and late)
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase and cytokinesis
Early prophase:
In early prophase, what first become visible?
In early prophase, the chromosomes first become visible
Early prophase:
In early prophase, the chromosomes first become visible, initially as what?
In early prophase, the chromosomes first become visible, initially as:
- Long
- Thin
threads
Early prophase:
In early prophase, the chromosomes first become visible, initially as long, thin threads.
Animal cells contain what?
Animal cells contain 2 cylindrical organelles called centrioles
Early prophase:
In early prophase, the chromosomes first become visible, initially as long, thin threads.
Animal cells contain 2 cylindrical organelles called centrioles, each of which do what?
Animal cells contain 2 cylindrical organelles called centrioles, each of which move to opposite ends (poles) of the cell
Early prophase:
In early prophase, the chromosomes first become visible, initially as long, thin threads.
Animal cells contain 2 cylindrical organelles called centrioles, each of which move to opposite ends (poles) of the cell.
From each of the centrioles, what happens?
From each of the centrioles, spindle fibres develop
Early prophase:
In early prophase, the chromosomes first become visible, initially as long, thin threads.
Animal cells contain 2 cylindrical organelles called centrioles, each of which move to opposite ends (poles) of the cell.
From each of the centrioles, spindle fibres develop, which span how long?
From each of the centrioles, spindle fibres develop, which span the cell from pole to pole
Early prophase:
In early prophase, the chromosomes first become visible, initially as long, thin threads.
Animal cells contain 2 cylindrical organelles called centrioles, each of which move to opposite ends (poles) of the cell.
From each of the centrioles, spindle fibres develop, which span the cell from pole to pole.
Collectively, these spindle fibres are called what?
Collectively, these spindle fibres are called the spindle apparatus
Early prophase:
In early prophase, the chromosomes first become visible, initially as long, thin threads.
Animal cells contain 2 cylindrical organelles called centrioles, each of which move to opposite ends (poles) of the cell.
From each of the centrioles, spindle fibres develop, which span the cell from pole to pole.
Collectively, these spindle fibres are called the spindle apparatus.
Plant cells lack centrioles, but do develop what?
Plant cells lack centrioles, but do develop a spindle apparatus
Early prophase:
In early prophase, the chromosomes first become visible, initially as long, thin threads.
Animal cells contain 2 cylindrical organelles called centrioles, each of which move to opposite ends (poles) of the cell.
From each of the centrioles, spindle fibres develop, which span the cell from pole to pole.
Collectively, these spindle fibres are called the spindle apparatus.
Because plant cells lack centrioles, but do develop a spindle apparatus, centrioles are clearly not essential to what?
Because plant cells lack centrioles, but do develop a spindle apparatus, centrioles are clearly not essential to spindle fibre formation
Late prophase:
In late prophase, what disappears?
In late prophase, the nucleolus disappears
Late prophase:
In late prophase, the nucleolus disappears and what breaks down?
In late prophase, the:
- Nucleolus disappears
- Nuclear envelope breaks down
Late prophase:
In late prophase, the nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope breaks down, leaving what?
The:
- Nucleolus disappears
- Nuclear envelope breaks down
,leaving the chromosomes free in the cytoplasm of the cell
Late prophase:
In late prophase, the nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope breaks down, leaving the chromosomes free in the cytoplasm of the cell.
These chromosomes are what?
These chromosomes are drawn towards the equator of the cell
Late prophase:
In late prophase, the nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope breaks down, leaving the chromosomes free in the cytoplasm of the cell.
These chromosomes are drawn towards the equator of the cell by what?
These chromosomes are drawn towards the equator of the cell by the spindle fibres attached to the centromere
Metaphase:
By metaphase, the chromosomes are seen to be what?
By metaphase, the chromosomes are seen to be made up of 2 chromatids
Metaphase:
By metaphase, the chromosomes are seen to be made up of 2 chromatids.
What is each chromatid?
Each chromatid is an identical copy of DNA from the parent cell
Metaphase:
By metaphase, the chromosomes are seen to be made up of 2 chromatids.
Each chromatid is an identical copy of DNA from the parent cell.
The chromatids are what?
The chromatids are joined by the centromere
Metaphase:
By metaphase, the chromosomes are seen to be made up of 2 chromatids.
Each chromatid is an identical copy of DNA from the parent cell.
The chromatids are joined by the centromere.
It is to this centromere that what?
It is to this centromere that some microtubules from the poles are attached
Metaphase:
By metaphase, the chromosomes are seen to be made up of 2 chromatids.
Each chromatid is an identical copy of DNA from the parent cell.
The chromatids are joined by the centromere.
It is to this centromere that some microtubules from the poles are attached and the chromosomes are what?
It is to this centromere that some microtubules from the poles are attached and the chromosomes are pulled along the spindle apparatus
Metaphase:
By metaphase, the chromosomes are seen to be made up of 2 chromatids.
Each chromatid is an identical copy of DNA from the parent cell.
The chromatids are joined by the centromere.
It is to this centromere that some microtubules from the poles are attached and the chromosomes are pulled along the spindle apparatus and do what?
It is to this centromere that some microtubules from the poles are attached and the chromosomes:
- Are pulled along the spindle apparatus
- Arrange themselves across the equator of the cell
Anaphase:
In anaphase, what divide into 2?
In anaphase, the centromeres divide into 2
Anaphase:
In anaphase, the centromeres divide into 2 and the spindle fibres do what?
In anaphase, the:
- Centromeres divide into 2
- Spindle fibres pull the individual chromatids making up the chromosome apart
Anaphase:
In anaphase, the centromeres divide into 2 and the spindle fibres pull the individual chromatids making up the chromosome apart.
What do the chromatids (daughter chromosomes) do?
The chromatids (daughter chromosomes) move rapidly to their respective, opposite poles of the cell
Anaphase:
In anaphase, the centromeres divide into 2 and the spindle fibres pull the individual chromatids making up the chromosome apart.
The chromatids (daughter chromosomes) move rapidly to their respective, opposite poles of the cell and we now refer to them as what?
The chromatids (daughter chromosomes) move rapidly to their respective, opposite poles of the cell and we now refer to them as chromosomes
Anaphase:
In anaphase, the centromeres divide into 2 and the spindle fibres pull the individual chromatids making up the chromosome apart.
The chromatids (daughter chromosomes) move rapidly to their respective, opposite poles of the cell and we now refer to them as chromosomes.
The energy for the process is provided by what?
The energy for the process is provided by mitochondria
Anaphase:
In anaphase, the centromeres divide into 2 and the spindle fibres pull the individual chromatids making up the chromosome apart.
The chromatids (daughter chromosomes) move rapidly to their respective, opposite poles of the cell and we now refer to them as chromosomes.
The energy for the process is provided by mitochondria, which gather around where?
The energy for the process is provided by mitochondria, which gather around the spindle fibres
Anaphase:
In anaphase, the centromeres divide into 2 and the spindle fibres pull the individual chromatids making up the chromosome apart.
The chromatids (daughter chromosomes) move rapidly to their respective, opposite poles of the cell and we now refer to them as chromosomes.
The energy for the process is provided by mitochondria, which gather around the spindle fibres.
If cells are treated with what, the chromosomes remain where?
If cells are treated with chemicals that destroy the spindle, the chromosomes remain at the equator
Anaphase:
In anaphase, the centromeres divide into 2 and the spindle fibres pull the individual chromatids making up the chromosome apart.
The chromatids (daughter chromosomes) move rapidly to their respective, opposite poles of the cell and we now refer to them as chromosomes.
The energy for the process is provided by mitochondria, which gather around the spindle fibres.
If cells are treated with chemicals that destroy the spindle, the chromosomes remain at the equator, unable to do what?
If cells are treated with chemicals that destroy the spindle, the chromosomes remain at the equator, unable to reach the poles
Telophase and cytokinesis:
In telophase, the chromosomes reach where?
In telophase, the chromosomes reach their respective poles
Telophase and cytokinesis:
In telophase, the chromosomes reach their respective poles and they begin to uncoil and become less distinct.
They become what?
The chromosomes become:
- Longer
- Thinner
Telophase and cytokinesis:
In telophase, the chromosomes reach their respective poles and they begin to uncoil and become less distinct.
They become longer and thinner, finally doing what?
The chromosomes become:
- Longer
- Thinner
,finally disappearing altogether
Telophase and cytokinesis:
In telophase, the chromosomes reach their respective poles and they begin to uncoil and become less distinct.
They become longer and thinner, finally disappearing altogether, leaving what?
The chromosomes become:
- Longer
- Thinner
,finally disappearing altogether, leaving only widely spread chromatin
Telophase and cytokinesis:
In telophase, the chromosomes reach their respective poles and they begin to uncoil and become less distinct.
They become longer and thinner, finally disappearing altogether, leaving only widely spread chromatin.
What do the spindle fibres do?
The spindle fibres disintegrate