1.6: Proteins Flashcards
Proteins are usually what molecules?
Proteins are usually very large molecules
Proteins are usually very large molecules.
The types of carbohydrates and lipids in all organisms are what?
The types of carbohydrates and lipids in all organisms are:
- Relatively few
- Very similar
Proteins are usually very large molecules.
The types of carbohydrates and lipids in all organisms are relatively few and they are very similar.
However, each organism has numerous proteins that do what?
Each organism has numerous proteins that differ from:
- Species
to
- Species
Proteins are usually very large molecules.
The types of carbohydrates and lipids in all organisms are relatively few and they are very similar.
However, each organism has numerous proteins that differ from species to species.
The shape of any one type of protein molecule differs from what?
The shape of any one type of protein molecule differs from that of all other types of proteins
Proteins are usually very large molecules.
The types of carbohydrates and lipids in all organisms are relatively few and they are very similar.
However, each organism has numerous proteins that differ from species to species.
The shape of any one type of protein molecule differs from that of all other types of proteins.
Proteins are very important molecules in living organisms.
Indeed the word ‘protein’ is a Greek work meaning what?
Indeed the word ‘protein’ is a Greek work meaning ‘of first importance’
Proteins are usually very large molecules.
The types of carbohydrates and lipids in all organisms are relatively few and they are very similar.
However, each organism has numerous proteins that differ from species to species.
The shape of any one type of protein molecule differs from that of all other types of proteins.
Proteins are very important molecules in living organisms.
Indeed the word ‘protein’ is a Greek work meaning ‘of first importance.’
One group of proteins, what, is involved in almost every what?
One group of proteins, enzymes, is involved in almost every living process
Proteins are usually very large molecules.
The types of carbohydrates and lipids in all organisms are relatively few and they are very similar.
However, each organism has numerous proteins that differ from species to species.
The shape of any one type of protein molecule differs from that of all other types of proteins.
Proteins are very important molecules in living organisms.
Indeed the word ‘protein’ is a Greek work meaning ‘of first importance.’
One group of proteins, enzymes, is involved in almost every living process.
There is a vast range of different enzymes that between them do what?
There is a vast range of different enzymes that between them perform a very diverse number of functions
The structure of an amino acid:
What are amino acids?
Amino acids are the basic monomer units that combine to make up a polymer called a polypeptide
The structure of an amino acid:
Amino acids are the basic monomer units that combine to make up a polymer called a polypeptide.
Polypeptides can be combined to do what?
Polypeptides can be combined to form proteins
The structure of an amino acid:
Amino acids are the basic monomer units that combine to make up a polymer called a polypeptide.
Polypeptides can be combined to form proteins.
How many amino acids have been identified?
About 100 amino acids have been identified
The structure of an amino acid:
Amino acids are the basic monomer units that combine to make up a polymer called a polypeptide.
Polypeptides can be combined to form proteins.
About 100 amino acids have been identified, of which how many occur naturally where?
About 100 amino acids have been identified, of which 20 occur naturally in proteins
The structure of an amino acid:
Amino acids are the basic monomer units that combine to make up a polymer called a polypeptide.
Polypeptides can be combined to form proteins.
About 100 amino acids have been identified, of which 20 occur naturally in proteins.
The fact that the same 20 amino acids occur in all living organisms provides what?
The fact that the same 20 amino acids occur in all living organisms provides indirect evidence for evolution
The structure of an amino acid:
Every amino acid has a what?
Every amino acid has a central carbon atom
The structure of an amino acid:
Every amino acid has a central carbon atom to which are attached what?
Every amino acid has a central carbon atom to which are attached 4 different chemical groups:
- The amino group
- The carboxyl group
- A hydrogen atom
- R (side) group
The structure of an amino acid:
Every amino acid has a central carbon atom to which are attached 4 different chemical groups - the amino group, the carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom and the R (side) group.
The amino group is -what?
The amino group is -NH2
The structure of an amino acid:
Every amino acid has a central carbon atom to which are attached 4 different chemical groups - the amino group, the carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom and the R (side) group.
The amino group is -NH2.
The amino group is a basic group from which what is derived?
The amino group is a basic group from which the ‘amino’ part of the name amino acid is derived
The structure of an amino acid:
Every amino acid has a central carbon atom to which are attached 4 different chemical groups - the amino group, the carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom and the R (side) group.
The carboxyl group is -what?
The carboxyl group is -COOH
The structure of an amino acid:
Every amino acid has a central carbon atom to which are attached 4 different chemical groups - the amino group, the carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom and the R (side) group.
The carboxyl group is -COOH.
The carboxyl group is a what group which gives what?
The carboxyl group is an acidic group which gives the amino acid the ‘acid’ part of its name
The structure of an amino acid:
Every amino acid has a central carbon atom to which are attached 4 different chemical groups - the amino group, the carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom and the R (side) group.
The hydrogen atom is -what?
The hydrogen atom is -H
The structure of an amino acid:
Every amino acid has a central carbon atom to which are attached 4 different chemical groups - the amino group, the carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom and the R (side) group.
What is the R (side) group?
The R (side) group is a variety of different chemical groups
The structure of an amino acid:
Every amino acid has a central carbon atom to which are attached 4 different chemical groups - the amino group, the carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom and the R (side) group.
The R (side) group is a variety of different chemical groups.
Each amino acid has a different what?
Each amino acid has a different R group
The structure of an amino acid:
Every amino acid has a central carbon atom to which are attached 4 different chemical groups - the amino group, the carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom and the R (side) group.
The R (side) group is a variety of different chemical groups.
Each amino acid has a different R group.
The 20 naturally occurring amino acids differ only in their what?
The 20 naturally occurring amino acids differ only in their R (side) group
The formation of a peptide bond:
In a similar way that monosaccharide monomers combine to form disaccharides, amino acid monomers can combine to form what?
In a similar way that monosaccharide monomers combine to form disaccharides:
- Amino acid monomers
can combine to form
- A dipeptide
The formation of a peptide bond:
In a similar way that monosaccharide monomers combine to form disaccharides, amino acid monomers can combine to form a dipeptide.
The process is essentially the same - the what in a what reaction?
The process is essentially the same - the removal of a water molecule in a condensation reaction
The formation of a peptide bond:
In a similar way that monosaccharide monomers combine to form disaccharides, amino acid monomers can combine to form a dipeptide.
The process is essentially the same - the removal of a water molecule in a condensation reaction.
The water is made by doing what?
The water is made by combining a:
- -OH from the carboxyl group of one amino acid
with
- -H from the amino group of another amino acid
The formation of a peptide bond:
In a similar way that monosaccharide monomers combine to form disaccharides, amino acid monomers can combine to form a dipeptide.
The process is essentially the same - the removal of a water molecule in a condensation reaction.
The water is made by combining a -OH from the carboxyl group of one amino acid with a -H from the amino group of another amino acid.
The 2 amino acids then become what?
The 2 amino acids then become linked
The formation of a peptide bond:
In a similar way that monosaccharide monomers combine to form disaccharides, amino acid monomers can combine to form a dipeptide.
The process is essentially the same - the removal of a water molecule in a condensation reaction.
The water is made by combining a -OH from the carboxyl group of one amino acid with a -H from the amino group of another amino acid.
The 2 amino acids then become linked by what?
The 2 amino acids then become linked by a new peptide bond
The formation of a peptide bond:
In a similar way that monosaccharide monomers combine to form disaccharides, amino acid monomers can combine to form a dipeptide.
The process is essentially the same - the removal of a water molecule in a condensation reaction.
The water is made by combining a -OH from the carboxyl group of one amino acid with a -H from the amino group of another amino acid.
The 2 amino acids then become linked by a new peptide bond between what?
The 2 amino acids then become linked by a new peptide bond between the:
- Carbon atom of one amino acid
- Nitrogen atom of the other
The formation of a peptide bond:
In a similar way that monosaccharide monomers combine to form disaccharides, amino acid monomers can combine to form a dipeptide.
The process is essentially the same - the removal of a water molecule in a condensation reaction.
The water is made by combining a -OH from the carboxyl group of one amino acid with a -H from the amino group of another amino acid.
The 2 amino acids then become linked by a new peptide bond between the carbon atom of one amino acid and the nitrogen atom of the other.
In a similar way as a glycosidic bond of a disaccharide can be broken by the addition of water (hydrolysis), the peptide bond of a dipeptide can also be broken by what?
In a similar way as a glycosidic bond of a disaccharide can be broken by the addition of water (hydrolysis), the peptide bond of a dipeptide can also be broken by hydrolysis
The formation of a peptide bond:
In a similar way that monosaccharide monomers combine to form disaccharides, amino acid monomers can combine to form a dipeptide.
The process is essentially the same - the removal of a water molecule in a condensation reaction.
The water is made by combining a -OH from the carboxyl group of one amino acid with a -H from the amino group of another amino acid.
The 2 amino acids then become linked by a new peptide bond between the carbon atom of one amino acid and the nitrogen atom of the other.
In a similar way as a glycosidic bond of a disaccharide can be broken by the addition of water (hydrolysis), the peptide bond of a dipeptide can also be broken by hydrolysis to give what?
In a similar way as a glycosidic bond of a disaccharide can be broken by the addition of water (hydrolysis), the peptide bond of a dipeptide can also be broken by hydrolysis to give its 2 constituent amino acids
The primary structure of proteins - polypeptides:
Through a series of what, many amino acid monomers can be joined together in a process called what?
Through a series of condensation reactions, many amino acid monomers can be joined together in a process called polymerisation
The primary structure of proteins - polypeptides:
Through a series of condensation reactions, many amino acid monomers can be joined together in a process called polymerisation.
What is a polypeptide?
A polypeptide is the resulting chain of many hundreds of amino acids
The primary structure of proteins - polypeptides:
Through a series of condensation reactions, many amino acid monomers can be joined together in a process called polymerisation.
A polypeptide is the resulting chain of many hundreds of amino acids.
What forms the primary structure of any protein?
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain forms the primary structure of any protein
The primary structure of proteins - polypeptides:
Through a series of condensation reactions, many amino acid monomers can be joined together in a process called polymerisation.
A polypeptide is the resulting chain of many hundreds of amino acids.
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain forms the primary structure of any protein.
This sequence is determined by what?
This sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is determined by DNA
Polypeptides have many (usually how many) of the what joined in different sequences?
Polypeptides have many (usually hundreds) of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids joined in different sequences
The primary structure of proteins - polypeptides:
Through a series of condensation reactions, many amino acid monomers can be joined together in a process called polymerisation.
A polypeptide is the resulting chain of many hundreds of amino acids.
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain forms the primary structure of any protein.
This sequence is determined by DNA.
As polypeptides have many (usually hundreds) of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids joined in different sequences, it follows that there is an almost limitless number of possible what?
As polypeptides have many (usually hundreds) of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids joined in different sequences, it follows that there is an almost limitless number of possible:
- Combinations
- Therefore types of primary protein structure
The primary structure of proteins - polypeptides:
Through a series of condensation reactions, many amino acid monomers can be joined together in a process called polymerisation.
A polypeptide is the resulting chain of many hundreds of amino acids.
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain forms the primary structure of any protein.
This sequence is determined by DNA.
As polypeptides have many (usually hundreds) of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids joined in different sequences, it follows that there is an almost limitless number of possible combinations and therefore types of primary protein structure.
It is the primary structure of a protein that determines its what?
It is the primary structure of a protein that determines its:
- Shape
- Therefore its function
The primary structure of proteins - polypeptides:
Through a series of condensation reactions, many amino acid monomers can be joined together in a process called polymerisation.
A polypeptide is the resulting chain of many hundreds of amino acids.
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain forms the primary structure of any protein.
This sequence is determined by DNA.
As polypeptides have many (usually hundreds) of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids joined in different sequences, it follows that there is an almost limitless number of possible combinations and therefore types of primary protein structure.
It is the primary structure of a protein that determines its shape and therefore its function.
A change in just what can lead to a change in what?
A change in just a single amino acid in this primary sequence can lead to a change in the shape of the protein
The primary structure of proteins - polypeptides:
Through a series of condensation reactions, many amino acid monomers can be joined together in a process called polymerisation.
A polypeptide is the resulting chain of many hundreds of amino acids.
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain forms the primary structure of any protein.
This sequence is determined by DNA.
As polypeptides have many (usually hundreds) of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids joined in different sequences, it follows that there is an almost limitless number of possible combinations and therefore types of primary protein structure.
It is the primary structure of a protein that determines its shape and therefore its function.
A change in just a single amino acid in this primary sequence can lead to a change in the shape of the protein and may stop what?
A change in just a single amino acid in this primary sequence:
- Can lead to a change in the shape of the protein
- May stop it carrying out its function
The primary structure of proteins - polypeptides:
Through a series of condensation reactions, many amino acid monomers can be joined together in a process called polymerisation.
A polypeptide is the resulting chain of many hundreds of amino acids.
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain forms the primary structure of any protein.
This sequence is determined by DNA.
As polypeptides have many (usually hundreds) of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids joined in different sequences, it follows that there is an almost limitless number of possible combinations and therefore types of primary protein structure.
It is the primary structure of a protein that determines its shape and therefore its function.
A change in just a single amino acid in this primary sequence can lead to a change in the shape of the protein and may stop it carrying out its function.
Change its shape and it will do what?
Change its shape and it will function:
- Less well
Or,
- Differently
The primary structure of proteins - polypeptides:
Through a series of condensation reactions, many amino acid monomers can be joined together in a process called polymerisation.
A polypeptide is the resulting chain of many hundreds of amino acids.
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain forms the primary structure of any protein.
This sequence is determined by DNA.
As polypeptides have many (usually hundreds) of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids joined in different sequences, it follows that there is an almost limitless number of possible combinations and therefore types of primary protein structure.
It is the primary structure of a protein that determines its shape and therefore its function.
A change in just a single amino acid in this primary sequence can lead to a change in the shape of the protein and may stop it carrying out its function.
Change its shape and it will function less well or differently.
A simple protein may consist of what?
A simple protein may consist of a single polypeptide chain
The primary structure of proteins - polypeptides:
Through a series of condensation reactions, many amino acid monomers can be joined together in a process called polymerisation.
A polypeptide is the resulting chain of many hundreds of amino acids.
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain forms the primary structure of any protein.
This sequence is determined by DNA.
As polypeptides have many (usually hundreds) of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids joined in different sequences, it follows that there is an almost limitless number of possible combinations and therefore types of primary protein structure.
It is the primary structure of a protein that determines its shape and therefore its function.
A change in just a single amino acid in this primary sequence can lead to a change in the shape of the protein and may stop it carrying out its function.
Change its shape and it will function less well or differently.
A simple protein may consist of a single polypeptide chain.
More commonly, however, a protein is made up of what?
More commonly, however, a protein is made up of a number of polypeptide chains
The secondary structure of proteins:
The linked amino acids that make up a polypeptide possess both what groups?
The linked amino acids that make up a polypeptide possess both:
- -NH
- -C = O
groups
The secondary structure of proteins:
The linked amino acids that make up a polypeptide possess both -NH and -C = O groups where?
The linked amino acids that make up a polypeptide possess both:
- -NH
- -C = O
groups on either side of every peptide bond
The secondary structure of proteins:
The linked amino acids that make up a polypeptide possess both -NH and -C = O groups on either side of every peptide bond.
What has an overall positive charge?
The H of the -NH group has an overall positive charge
The secondary structure of proteins:
The linked amino acids that make up a polypeptide possess both -NH and -C = O groups on either side of every peptide bond.
The H of the -NH group has an overall positive charge, while what has overall negative charge?
The:
- H of the -NH group has an overall positive charge
,while
- O of the -C = O group has an overall negative charge
The secondary structure of proteins:
The linked amino acids that make up a polypeptide possess both -NH and -C = O groups on either side of every peptide bond.
The H of the -NH group has an overall positive charge, while the O of the -C = O group has an overall negative charge.
These 2 groups therefore do what?
These 2 groups therefore readily form weak bonds