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SAJID A Level AQA Biology > 3.6: Prokaryotic cells and viruses > Flashcards

3.6: Prokaryotic cells and viruses Flashcards

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1
Q

Although cells come in a diverse variety of what?

A

Although cells come in a diverse variety of:

  1. Size
  2. Shape
  3. Function
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2
Q

Although cells come in a diverse variety of size, shape and function, they are of how many main types?

A

Although cells come in a diverse variety of size, shape and function, they are of 2 main types:

  1. Eukaryotic cells
  2. Prokaryotic cells
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3
Q

Although cells come in a diverse variety of size, shape and function, they are of 2 main types - eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells are larger and have a nucleus bounded by what?

A

Eukaryotic cells:

  1. Are larger
  2. Have a nucleus bounded by nuclear membranes (nuclear envelope)
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4
Q

Although cells come in a diverse variety of size, shape and function, they are of 2 main types - eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells are larger and have a nucleus bounded by nuclear membranes (nuclear envelope).
Prokaryotic cells are smaller and have no what?

A

Prokaryotic cells are smaller and have no:
1. Nucleus
Or,
2. Nuclear envelope

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5
Q

Bacteria occur where in the world?

A

Bacteria occur in every habitat in the world

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6
Q

Bacteria occur in every habitat in the world - they are what?

A

Bacteria occur in every habitat in the world - they are:

  1. Versatile
  2. Adaptable
  3. Very successful
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7
Q

Bacteria occur in every habitat in the world - they are versatile, adaptable and very successful.
Much of their success is a result of what?

A

Much of their success is a result of their small size

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8
Q

Bacteria occur in every habitat in the world - they are versatile, adaptable and very successful.
Much of their success is a result of their small size, normally ranging from what to what in length?

A 
Much of their success is a result of their small size, normally ranging from:
1. 0.1 μm
to
2. 10 μm
in length
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9
Q

Bacteria occur in every habitat in the world - they are versatile, adaptable and very successful.
Much of their success is a result of their small size, normally ranging from 0.1 μm to 10 μm in length.
Their cellular structure is relatively simple.
All bacteria possess what?

A

All bacteria possess a cell wall

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10
Q

Bacteria occur in every habitat in the world - they are versatile, adaptable and very successful.
Much of their success is a result of their small size, normally ranging from 0.1 μm to 10 μm in length.
Their cellular structure is relatively simple.
All bacteria possess a cell wall, which is made up of what?

A

All bacteria possess a cell wall, which is made up of murein

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11
Q

Bacteria occur in every habitat in the world - they are versatile, adaptable and very successful.
Much of their success is a result of their small size, normally ranging from 0.1 μm to 10 μm in length.
Their cellular structure is relatively simple.
All bacteria possess a cell wall, which is made up of murein.
What is murein?

A

Murein is a polymer of:

  1. Polysaccharides
  2. Peptides
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12
Q

Bacteria occur in every habitat in the world - they are versatile, adaptable and very successful.
Much of their success is a result of their small size, normally ranging from 0.1 μm to 10 μm in length.
Their cellular structure is relatively simple.
All bacteria possess a cell wall, which is made up of murein.
Murein is a polymer of polysaccharides and peptides.
Many bacteria further do what by secreting what?

A

Many bacteria further protect themselves by secreting a capsule of mucilaginous slime around this wall

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13
Q

Bacteria occur in every habitat in the world - they are versatile, adaptable and very successful.
Much of their success is a result of their small size, normally ranging from 0.1 μm to 10 μm in length.
Their cellular structure is relatively simple.
All bacteria possess a cell wall, which is made up of murein.
Murein is a polymer of polysaccharides and peptides.
Many bacteria further protect themselves by secreting a capsule of mucilaginous slime around this wall.
Inside the cell wall is the what?

A

Inside the cell wall is the cell-surface membrane

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14
Q

Bacteria occur in every habitat in the world - they are versatile, adaptable and very successful.
Much of their success is a result of their small size, normally ranging from 0.1 μm to 10 μm in length.
Their cellular structure is relatively simple.
All bacteria possess a cell wall, which is made up of murein.
Murein is a polymer of polysaccharides and peptides.
Many bacteria further protect themselves by secreting a capsule of mucilaginous slime around this wall.
Inside the cell wall is the cell-surface membrane, within which is what?

A

Inside the cell wall is the cell-surface membrane, within which is the cytoplasm

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15
Q

Bacteria occur in every habitat in the world - they are versatile, adaptable and very successful.
Much of their success is a result of their small size, normally ranging from 0.1 μm to 10 μm in length.
Their cellular structure is relatively simple.
All bacteria possess a cell wall, which is made up of murein.
Murein is a polymer of polysaccharides and peptides.
Many bacteria further protect themselves by secreting a capsule of mucilaginous slime around this wall.
Inside the cell wall is the cell-surface membrane, within which is the cytoplasm that contains what?

A

Inside the cell wall is the cell-surface membrane, within which is the cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes

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16
Q

Bacteria occur in every habitat in the world - they are versatile, adaptable and very successful.
Much of their success is a result of their small size, normally ranging from 0.1 μm to 10 μm in length.
Their cellular structure is relatively simple.
All bacteria possess a cell wall, which is made up of murein.
Murein is a polymer of polysaccharides and peptides.
Many bacteria further protect themselves by secreting a capsule of mucilaginous slime around this wall.
Inside the cell wall is the cell-surface membrane, within which is the cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes.
These ribosomes are smaller than what?

A

These ribosomes are smaller than those in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells (80S)

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17
Q

Bacteria occur in every habitat in the world - they are versatile, adaptable and very successful.
Much of their success is a result of their small size, normally ranging from 0.1 μm to 10 μm in length.
Their cellular structure is relatively simple.
All bacteria possess a cell wall, which is made up of murein.
Murein is a polymer of polysaccharides and peptides.
Many bacteria further protect themselves by secreting a capsule of mucilaginous slime around this wall.
Inside the cell wall is the cell-surface membrane, within which is the cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes.
These ribosomes are smaller than those in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells (80S), but nevertheless still do what?

A

These ribosomes are smaller than those in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells (80S), but nevertheless still synthesise proteins

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18
Q

Bacteria occur in every habitat in the world - they are versatile, adaptable and very successful.
Much of their success is a result of their small size, normally ranging from 0.1 μm to 10 μm in length.
Their cellular structure is relatively simple.
Bacteria store food how?

A

Bacteria store food reserves

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19
Q

Bacteria occur in every habitat in the world - they are versatile, adaptable and very successful.
Much of their success is a result of their small size, normally ranging from 0.1 μm to 10 μm in length.
Their cellular structure is relatively simple.
Bacteria store food reserves as what?

A

Bacteria store food reserves as:

  1. Glycogen granules
  2. Oil droplets
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20
Q

Bacteria occur in every habitat in the world - they are versatile, adaptable and very successful.
Much of their success is a result of their small size, normally ranging from 0.1 μm to 10 μm in length.
Their cellular structure is relatively simple.
The genetic material in bacteria is in the form of what?

A

The genetic material in bacteria is in the form of a circular strand of DNA

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21
Q

Bacteria occur in every habitat in the world - they are versatile, adaptable and very successful.
Much of their success is a result of their small size, normally ranging from 0.1 μm to 10 μm in length.
Their cellular structure is relatively simple.
The genetic material in bacteria is in the form of a circular strand of DNA.
Separate from this are what?

A

Separate from this are smaller, circular pieces of DNA, plasmids

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22
Q

Bacteria occur in every habitat in the world - they are versatile, adaptable and very successful.
Much of their success is a result of their small size, normally ranging from 0.1 μm to 10 μm in length.
Their cellular structure is relatively simple.
The genetic material in bacteria is in the form of a circular strand of DNA.
Separate from this are smaller, circular pieces of DNA, plasmids.
These can do what themselves independently?

A

Plasmids can reproduce themselves independently

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23
Q

Bacteria occur in every habitat in the world - they are versatile, adaptable and very successful.
Much of their success is a result of their small size, normally ranging from 0.1 μm to 10 μm in length.
Their cellular structure is relatively simple.
The genetic material in bacteria is in the form of a circular strand of DNA.
Separate from this are smaller, circular pieces of DNA, plasmids.
Plasmids can reproduce themselves independently and may give the bacterium what?

A

Plasmids:

  1. Can reproduce themselves independently
  2. May give the bacterium resistance to harmful chemicals
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24
Q

Bacteria occur in every habitat in the world - they are versatile, adaptable and very successful.
Much of their success is a result of their small size, normally ranging from 0.1 μm to 10 μm in length.
Their cellular structure is relatively simple.
The genetic material in bacteria is in the form of a circular strand of DNA.
Separate from this are smaller, circular pieces of DNA, plasmids.
Plasmids can reproduce themselves independently and may give the bacterium resistance to harmful chemicals, such as what?

A

Plasmids:

  1. Can reproduce themselves independently
  2. May give the bacterium resistance to harmful chemicals, such as antibiotics
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25
Q

Bacteria occur in every habitat in the world - they are versatile, adaptable and very successful.
Much of their success is a result of their small size, normally ranging from 0.1 μm to 10 μm in length.
Their cellular structure is relatively simple.
The genetic material in bacteria is in the form of a circular strand of DNA.
Separate from this are smaller, circular pieces of DNA, plasmids.
Plasmids can reproduce themselves independently and may give the bacterium resistance to harmful chemicals, such as antibiotics.
Plasmids are used extensively as what?

A

Plasmids are used extensively as vectors in genetic engineering

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26
Q

Bacteria occur in every habitat in the world - they are versatile, adaptable and very successful.
Much of their success is a result of their small size, normally ranging from 0.1 μm to 10 μm in length.
Their cellular structure is relatively simple.
The genetic material in bacteria is in the form of a circular strand of DNA.
Separate from this are smaller, circular pieces of DNA, plasmids.
Plasmids can reproduce themselves independently and may give the bacterium resistance to harmful chemicals, such as antibiotics.
Plasmids are used extensively as vectors (what) in genetic engineering?

A

Plasmids are used extensively as vectors (carriers of genetic information) in genetic engineering

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27
Q

The role of the cell wall is that it is a physical barrier that excludes what and protects against what?

A

The role of the cell wall is that it is a physical barrier that:

  1. Excludes certain substances
  2. Protects against mechanism damage and osmotic lysis
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28
Q

The role of the slime capsule is that it protects what and helps what?

A

The role of the slime capsule is that it:

  1. Protects the bacterium from other cells
  2. Helps groups of bacteria to stick together for further protection
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29
Q

The role of the cell-surface membrane is that it acts as a what layer, which controls what?

A

The role of the cell-surface membrane is that it acts as a differentially permeable layer, which controls the:
1. Entry
2. Exit
of chemicals

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30
Q

The role of the circular strand of DNA is that it possesses what for what?

A

The role of the circular strand of DNA is that it possesses the genetic information for the replication of bacterial cells

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31
Q

The role of the plasmid is that it possesses what that may do what?

A

The role of the plasmid is that it possesses genes that may aid the survival of bacteria in adverse conditions

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32
Q

The role of the plasmid is that it possesses genes that may aid the survival of bacteria in adverse conditions.
Example

A

For example, it produces enzymes that break down antibiotics

33
Q

Comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells:
1. Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus, with a nuclear envelope.
Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, only an area where what?

A

Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, only an area where DNA is found

34
Q

Comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells:
1. Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus, with a nuclear envelope.
Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, only an area where DNA is found.
2. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with what?

A

In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with proteins called histones

35
Q

Comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells:
1. Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus, with a nuclear envelope.
Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, only an area where DNA is found.
2. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with proteins called histones.
Prokaryotic DNA is not what?

A

Prokaryotic DNA is not associated with proteins

36
Q

Comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells:
1. Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus, with a nuclear envelope.
Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, only an area where DNA is found.
2. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with proteins called histones.
Prokaryotic DNA is not associated with proteins.
3. In eukaryotic cells, there are no what and DNA is what?

A

In eukaryotic cells:

  1. There are no plasmids
  2. DNA is linear
37
Q

Comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells:
1. Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus, with a nuclear envelope.
Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, only an area where DNA is found.
2. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with proteins called histones.
Prokaryotic DNA is not associated with proteins.
3. In eukaryotic cells, there are no plasmids and DNA is linear.
In prokaryotic cells, some DNA may be in the form of what?

A

In prokaryotic cells, some DNA may be in the form of circular strands, plasmids

38
Q

Comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells:
1. Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus, with a nuclear envelope.
Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, only an area where DNA is found.
2. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with proteins called histones.
Prokaryotic DNA is not associated with proteins.
3. In eukaryotic cells, there are no plasmids and DNA is linear.
In prokaryotic cells, some DNA may be in the form of circular strands, plasmids.
4. In eukaryotic cells, what organelles are present?

A

In eukaryotic cells, membrane-bounded organelles are present

39
Q

Comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells:
1. Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus, with a nuclear envelope.
Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, only an area where DNA is found.
2. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with proteins called histones.
Prokaryotic DNA is not associated with proteins.
3. In eukaryotic cells, there are no plasmids and DNA is linear.
In prokaryotic cells, some DNA may be in the form of circular strands, plasmids.
4. In eukaryotic cells, membrane-bounded organelles are present, such as what?

A

In eukaryotic cells, membrane-bounded organelles are present, such as mitochondria

40
Q

Comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells:
1. Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus, with a nuclear envelope.
Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, only an area where DNA is found.
2. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with proteins called histones.
Prokaryotic DNA is not associated with proteins.
3. In eukaryotic cells, there are no plasmids and DNA is linear.
In prokaryotic cells, some DNA may be in the form of circular strands, plasmids.
4. In eukaryotic cells, membrane-bounded organelles are present, such as mitochondria.
Prokaryotic cells have no what organelles?

A

Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bounded organelles

41
Q

Comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells:
1. Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus, with a nuclear envelope.
Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, only an area where DNA is found.
2. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with proteins called histones.
Prokaryotic DNA is not associated with proteins.
3. In eukaryotic cells, there are no plasmids and DNA is linear.
In prokaryotic cells, some DNA may be in the form of circular strands, plasmids.
4. In eukaryotic cells, membrane-bounded organelles are present, such as mitochondria.
Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bounded organelles.
5. With eukaryotic cells, what are present in plants and algae?

A

With eukaryotic cells, chloroplasts are present in:

  1. Plants
  2. Algae
42
Q

Comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells:
1. Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus, with a nuclear envelope.
Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, only an area where DNA is found.
2. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with proteins called histones.
Prokaryotic DNA is not associated with proteins.
3. In eukaryotic cells, there are no plasmids and DNA is linear.
In prokaryotic cells, some DNA may be in the form of circular strands, plasmids.
4. In eukaryotic cells, membrane-bounded organelles are present, such as mitochondria.
Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bounded organelles.
5. With eukaryotic cells, chloroplasts are present in plants and algae.
Prokaryotic cells have no chloroplasts, only what?

A

Prokaryotic cells have no chloroplasts, only bacterial chlorophyll

43
Q

Comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells:
1. Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus, with a nuclear envelope.
Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, only an area where DNA is found.
2. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with proteins called histones.
Prokaryotic DNA is not associated with proteins.
3. In eukaryotic cells, there are no plasmids and DNA is linear.
In prokaryotic cells, some DNA may be in the form of circular strands, plasmids.
4. In eukaryotic cells, membrane-bounded organelles are present, such as mitochondria.
Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bounded organelles.
5. With eukaryotic cells, chloroplasts are present in plants and algae.
Prokaryotic cells have no chloroplasts, only bacterial chlorophyll that is associated with what?

A

Prokaryotic cells have no chloroplasts, only bacterial chlorophyll that is associated with the cell-surface membrane in some bacteria

44
Q

Comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells:
1. Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus, with a nuclear envelope.
Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, only an area where DNA is found.
2. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with proteins called histones.
Prokaryotic DNA is not associated with proteins.
3. In eukaryotic cells, there are no plasmids and DNA is linear.
In prokaryotic cells, some DNA may be in the form of circular strands, plasmids.
4. In eukaryotic cells, membrane-bounded organelles are present, such as mitochondria.
Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bounded organelles.
5. With eukaryotic cells, chloroplasts are present in plants and algae.
Prokaryotic cells have no chloroplasts, only bacterial chlorophyll that is associated with the cell-surface membrane in some bacteria.
6. Ribosomes in eukaryotic cells are what?

A

Ribosomes in eukaryotic cells are larger (80S)

45
Q

Comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells:
1. Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus, with a nuclear envelope.
Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, only an area where DNA is found.
2. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with proteins called histones.
Prokaryotic DNA is not associated with proteins.
3. In eukaryotic cells, there are no plasmids and DNA is linear.
In prokaryotic cells, some DNA may be in the form of circular strands, plasmids.
4. In eukaryotic cells, membrane-bounded organelles are present, such as mitochondria.
Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bounded organelles.
5. With eukaryotic cells, chloroplasts are present in plants and algae.
Prokaryotic cells have no chloroplasts, only bacterial chlorophyll that is associated with the cell-surface membrane in some bacteria.
6. Ribosomes in eukaryotic cells are larger (80S), whereas in prokaryotic cells, ribosomes are what?

A

Ribosomes in eukaryotic cells are larger (80S), whereas in prokaryotic cells, ribosomes are smaller (70S)

46
Q

Comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells:
1. Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus, with a nuclear envelope.
Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, only an area where DNA is found.
2. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with proteins called histones.
Prokaryotic DNA is not associated with proteins.
3. In eukaryotic cells, there are no plasmids and DNA is linear.
In prokaryotic cells, some DNA may be in the form of circular strands, plasmids.
4. In eukaryotic cells, membrane-bounded organelles are present, such as mitochondria.
Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bounded organelles.
5. With eukaryotic cells, chloroplasts are present in plants and algae.
Prokaryotic cells have no chloroplasts, only bacterial chlorophyll that is associated with the cell-surface membrane in some bacteria.
6. Ribosomes in eukaryotic cells are larger (80S), whereas in prokaryotic cells, ribosomes are smaller (70S).
7. With eukaryotic cells, where present, the cell wall is made mostly of what?

A

With eukaryotic cells, where present, the cell wall is made mostly of cellulose

47
Q

Comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells:
1. Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus, with a nuclear envelope.
Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, only an area where DNA is found.
2. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with proteins called histones.
Prokaryotic DNA is not associated with proteins.
3. In eukaryotic cells, there are no plasmids and DNA is linear.
In prokaryotic cells, some DNA may be in the form of circular strands, plasmids.
4. In eukaryotic cells, membrane-bounded organelles are present, such as mitochondria.
Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bounded organelles.
5. With eukaryotic cells, chloroplasts are present in plants and algae.
Prokaryotic cells have no chloroplasts, only bacterial chlorophyll that is associated with the cell-surface membrane in some bacteria.
6. Ribosomes in eukaryotic cells are larger (80S), whereas in prokaryotic cells, ribosomes are smaller (70S).
7. With eukaryotic cells, where present, the cell wall is made mostly of cellulose (or what in fungi)?

A

With eukaryotic cells, where present, the cell wall is made mostly of cellulose (or chitin in fungi)

48
Q

Comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells:
1. Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus, with a nuclear envelope.
Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, only an area where DNA is found.
2. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with proteins called histones.
Prokaryotic DNA is not associated with proteins.
3. In eukaryotic cells, there are no plasmids and DNA is linear.
In prokaryotic cells, some DNA may be in the form of circular strands, plasmids.
4. In eukaryotic cells, membrane-bounded organelles are present, such as mitochondria.
Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bounded organelles.
5. With eukaryotic cells, chloroplasts are present in plants and algae.
Prokaryotic cells have no chloroplasts, only bacterial chlorophyll that is associated with the cell-surface membrane in some bacteria.
6. Ribosomes in eukaryotic cells are larger (80S), whereas in prokaryotic cells, ribosomes are smaller (70S).
7. With eukaryotic cells, where present, the cell wall is made mostly of cellulose (or chitin in fungi), whereas with prokaryotic cells, the cell wall is made of what?

A

With eukaryotic cells, where present, the cell wall is made mostly of cellulose (or chitin in fungi), whereas with prokaryotic cells, the cell wall is made of murein

49
Q

Comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells:
1. Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus, with a nuclear envelope.
Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, only an area where DNA is found.
2. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with proteins called histones.
Prokaryotic DNA is not associated with proteins.
3. In eukaryotic cells, there are no plasmids and DNA is linear.
In prokaryotic cells, some DNA may be in the form of circular strands, plasmids.
4. In eukaryotic cells, membrane-bounded organelles are present, such as mitochondria.
Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bounded organelles.
5. With eukaryotic cells, chloroplasts are present in plants and algae.
Prokaryotic cells have no chloroplasts, only bacterial chlorophyll that is associated with the cell-surface membrane in some bacteria.
6. Ribosomes in eukaryotic cells are larger (80S), whereas in prokaryotic cells, ribosomes are smaller (70S).
7. With eukaryotic cells, where present, the cell wall is made mostly of cellulose (or chitin in fungi), whereas with prokaryotic cells, the cell wall is made of murein (peptidoglycan).
8. Eukaryotic cells have no what?

A

Eukaryotic cells have no capsule

50
Q

Comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells:
1. Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus, with a nuclear envelope.
Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, only an area where DNA is found.
2. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with proteins called histones.
Prokaryotic DNA is not associated with proteins.
3. In eukaryotic cells, there are no plasmids and DNA is linear.
In prokaryotic cells, some DNA may be in the form of circular strands, plasmids.
4. In eukaryotic cells, membrane-bounded organelles are present, such as mitochondria.
Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bounded organelles.
5. With eukaryotic cells, chloroplasts are present in plants and algae.
Prokaryotic cells have no chloroplasts, only bacterial chlorophyll that is associated with the cell-surface membrane in some bacteria.
6. Ribosomes in eukaryotic cells are larger (80S), whereas in prokaryotic cells, ribosomes are smaller (70S).
7. With eukaryotic cells, where present, the cell wall is made mostly of cellulose (or chitin in fungi), whereas with prokaryotic cells, the cell wall is made of murein (peptidoglycan).
8. Eukaryotic cells have no capsule, but prokaryotic cells may have what?

A

Eukaryotic cells have no capsule, but prokaryotic cells may have an outer mucilaginous later called a capsule

51
Q

Viruses

A

Viruses are acellular, non-living particles

52
Q

Viruses are acellular, non-living particles.

Viruses are smaller than what?

A

Viruses are smaller than bacteria

53
Q

Viruses are acellular, non-living particles.

Viruses are smaller than bacteria, ranging in size from what?

A 
Viruses are smaller than bacteria, ranging in size from:
1. 20
to
2. 300
nm
54
Q

Viruses are acellular, non-living particles.
Viruses are smaller than bacteria, ranging in size from 20 to 300 nm.
Viruses contain what as genetic material?

A

Viruses contain nucleic acids as genetic material

55
Q

Viruses are acellular, non-living particles.
Viruses are smaller than bacteria, ranging in size from 20 to 300 nm.
Viruses contain nucleic acids such as what as genetic material?

A 
Viruses contain nucleic acids such as:
1. DNA
Or,
2. RNA
as genetic material
56
Q

Viruses are acellular, non-living particles.
Viruses are smaller than bacteria, ranging in size from 20 to 300 nm.
Viruses contain nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA as genetic material, but can only multiply where?

A 
Viruses contain nucleic acids such as:
1. DNA
Or,
2. RNA
as genetic material, but can only multiply inside living host cells
57
Q

Viruses are acellular, non-living particles.
Viruses are smaller than bacteria, ranging in size from 20 to 300 nm.
Viruses contain nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA as genetic material, but can only multiply inside living host cells.
The nucleic acid is enclosed where?

A

The nucleic acid is enclosed within a protein coat called the capsid

58
Q

Viruses are acellular, non-living particles.
Viruses are smaller than bacteria, ranging in size from 20 to 300 nm.
Viruses contain nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA as genetic material, but can only multiply inside living host cells.
The nucleic acid is enclosed within a protein coat called the capsid.
Some viruses, like the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are further surrounded by what?

A

Some viruses, like the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are further surrounded by a lipid envelope

59
Q

Viruses are acellular, non-living particles.
Viruses are smaller than bacteria, ranging in size from 20 to 300 nm.
Viruses contain nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA as genetic material, but can only multiply inside living host cells.
The nucleic acid is enclosed within a protein coat called the capsid.
Some viruses, like the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are further surrounded by a lipid envelope.
The lipid envelope or, if this is not present, then the capsid, have what?

A 
The:
1. Lipid envelope
Or, if this is not present, then
2. Capsid
have attachment proteins
60
Q

Viruses are acellular, non-living particles.
Viruses are smaller than bacteria, ranging in size from 20 to 300 nm.
Viruses contain nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA as genetic material, but can only multiply inside living host cells.
The nucleic acid is enclosed within a protein coat called the capsid.
Some viruses, like the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are further surrounded by a lipid envelope.
The lipid envelope or, if this is not present, then the capsid, have attachment proteins which are essential to do what?

A

The lipid envelope or, if this is not present, then the capsid, have attachment proteins which are essential to allow the virus to:
1. Identify
2. Attach to
a host cell

61
Q

The DNA of a eukaryotic cell is what?

A

The DNA of a eukaryotic cell is:

  1. Linear
  2. ‘Enclosed’
62
Q

The DNA of a eukaryotic cell is linear and ‘enclosed’ (not what)?

A

The DNA of a eukaryotic cell is:

  1. Linear
  2. ‘Enclosed’ (not free in the cytoplasm)
63
Q

Eukaryotic cells are more what than prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells are more complicated than prokaryotic cells

64
Q

Why are eukaryotic cells more complicated than prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells are more complicated than prokaryotic cells, because there are more structures found in the cytoplasm

65
Q

Prokaryotic cells are considerably smaller than eukaryotic cells and are far less complicated than eukaryotic cells.
Defining features of prokaryotic cells is that they have no what?

A

Defining features of prokaryotic cells is that they have no:
1. Nucleus
Or,
2. Membrane-bound organelles

66
Q

Prokaryotic organisms are what?

A

Prokaryotic organisms are unicellular

67
Q

What is murein?

A

Murein is a glycoprotein

68
Q

The cell wall prevents the cell from doing what if it takes in too much water via osmosis?

A

The cell wall prevents the cell from bursting if it takes in too much water via osmosis

69
Q

Prokaryotic cells have a single circular DNA molecule that what?

A

Prokaryotic cells have a single circular DNA molecule that:

  1. Floats freely in the cytoplasm
  2. Is not associated with histone proteins
  3. Does not contain introns
70
Q

Plasmids can be what from one prokaryote to another?

A

Plasmids can be transferred from one prokaryote to another

71
Q

The slime capsule is present in SOME prokaryotes.

It is an extra what on top of the cell wall?

A

It is an extra layer on top of the cell wall

72
Q

The slime capsule is present in SOME prokaryotes.
It is an extra layer on top of the cell wall.
The slime capsule prevents the prokaryotic cell from doing what?

A

The slime capsule prevents the prokaryotic cell from drying out

73
Q

The slime capsule is present in SOME prokaryotes.
It is an extra layer on top of the cell wall.
The slime capsule prevents the prokaryotic cell from drying out.
The slime capsule also makes the prokaryote what?

A

The slime capsule also makes the prokaryote ‘slippery’

74
Q

The slime capsule is present in SOME prokaryotes.
It is an extra layer on top of the cell wall.
The slime capsule prevents the prokaryotic cell from drying out.
The slime capsule also makes the prokaryote ‘slippery.’
Some what bacteria can’t be engulfed by white blood cells because of what?

A

Some pathogenic bacteria can’t be engulfed by white blood cells because of the slime capsule

75
Q

SOME prokaryotes have a long projection called a flagellum.

A flagellum is a hair-like structure that does what?

A

A flagellum is a hair-like structure that rotates to propel the prokaryote

76
Q

SOME prokaryotes have a long projection called a flagellum.

A flagellum is a hair-like structure that rotates to propel the prokaryote, doing what?

A

A flagellum is a hair-like structure that rotates to propel the prokaryote, facilitating directional movement

77
Q

SOME prokaryotes have a long projection called a flagellum.
A flagellum is a hair-like structure that rotates to propel the prokaryote, facilitating directional movement.
Bacteria that have these are called what?

A

Bacteria that have these are called ‘flagellated bacteria’

78
Q

Viruses must replicate inside what?

A

Viruses must replicate inside a host

SAJID A Level AQA Biology (69 decks)

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