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SAJID A Level AQA Biology > 3.5: Cell specialisation and organisation > Flashcards

3.5: Cell specialisation and organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

In multicellular organisms, cells are specialised to perform what functions?

A

In multicellular organisms, cells are specialised to perform specific functions

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2
Q

In multicellular organisms, cells are specialised to perform specific functions.
Similar cells are then grouped together into tissues, tissues are then grouped together into organs and organs are then grouped together into organ systems for what?

A
  1. Similar cells are then grouped together into tissues
  2. Tissues are then grouped together into organs
  3. Organs are then grouped together into organ systems
    for increased efficiency
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3
Q

To stay alive, all cells of a multicellular organism perform what?

A

To stay alive, all cells of a multicellular organism perform certain basic functions

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4
Q

To stay alive, all cells of a multicellular organism perform certain basic functions.
However, no one cell can provide what?

A

No one cell can provide the best conditions for all functions

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5
Q

To stay alive, all cells of a multicellular organism perform certain basic functions.
However, no one cell can provide the best conditions for all functions.
Therefore the cells of multicellular organisms are each specialised in different ways to perform a particular role.
Each specialised cell has evolved what to suit the role it carries out?

A 
Each specialised cell has evolved:
1. More
Or,
2. Fewer
of certain organelles and structures to suit the role it carries out
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6
Q

The first group of cells in an embryo are all initially what?

A

The first group of cells in an embryo are all initially identical

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7
Q

The first group of cells in an embryo are all initially identical.
As it matures, each cell takes on its own what?

A

As it matures, each cell takes on its own individual characteristics

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8
Q

The first group of cells in an embryo are all initially identical.
As it matures, each cell takes on its own individual characteristics that do what?

A

As it matures, each cell takes on its own individual characteristics that suit it to the function that it will perform when it is mature

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9
Q

The first group of cells in an embryo are all initially identical.
As it matures, each cell takes on its own individual characteristics that suit it to the function that it will perform when it is mature.
In other words, each cell becomes specialised in what to suit the what that it will carry out?

A

In other words, each cell becomes specialised in structure to suit the role that it will carry out

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10
Q

All the cells in an organism, such as a human, are produced by what?

A

All the cells in an organism, such as a human, are produced by mitotic divisions from the fertilised egg

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11
Q

All the cells in an organism, such as a human, are produced by mitotic divisions from the fertilised egg.
It follows that they all contain exactly the same what?

A

It follows that they all contain exactly the same genes

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12
Q

All the cells in an organism, such as a human, are produced by mitotic divisions from the fertilised egg.
It follows that they all contain exactly the same genes.
How then does the cell become specialised?
Every cell contains the genes needed for it to do what?

A

Every cell contains the genes needed for it to develop into any one of the many different cells in an organism

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13
Q

All the cells in an organism, such as a human, are produced by mitotic divisions from the fertilised egg.
It follows that they all contain exactly the same genes.
How then does the cell become specialised?
Every cell contains the genes needed for it to develop into any one of the many different cells in an organism.
But only some of these genes are what in any one cell?

A

But only some of these genes are switched on (expressed) in any one cell

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14
Q

All the cells in an organism, such as a human, are produced by mitotic divisions from the fertilised egg.
It follows that they all contain exactly the same genes.
How then does the cell become specialised?
Every cell contains the genes needed for it to develop into any one of the many different cells in an organism.
But only some of these genes are switched on (expressed) in any one cell, at any one what?

A

But only some of these genes are switched on (expressed) in any one cell, at any one time

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15
Q

All the cells in an organism, such as a human, are produced by mitotic divisions from the fertilised egg.
It follows that they all contain exactly the same genes.
How then does the cell become specialised?
Every cell contains the genes needed for it to develop into any one of the many different cells in an organism.
But only some of these genes are switched on (expressed) in any one cell, at any one time.
Different genes are switched on in each type of what?

A

Different genes are switched on in each type of specialised cell

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16
Q

All the cells in an organism, such as a human, are produced by mitotic divisions from the fertilised egg.
It follows that they all contain exactly the same genes.
How then does the cell become specialised?
Every cell contains the genes needed for it to develop into any one of the many different cells in an organism.
But only some of these genes are switched on (expressed) in any one cell, at any one time.
Different genes are switched on in each type of specialised cell.
The rest of the genes are what?

A

The rest of the genes are switched off

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17
Q

It is not just the shape of different cells that varies, but also what?

A

It is not just the shape of different cells that varies, but also the numbers of each of their organelles

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18
Q

It is not just the shape of different cells that varies, but also the numbers of each of their organelles.
Examples

A

For example:

  1. A muscle or sperm cell will have many mitochondria, while a bone cell has very few
  2. White blood cells have many lysosomes, while a muscle cell has very few
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19
Q

The cells of a multicellular organism have therefore evolved to become what?

A

The cells of a multicellular organism have therefore evolved to become more and more suited to one specialised function

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20
Q

The cells of a multicellular organism have therefore evolved to become more and more suited to one specialised function.
These cells are adapted to their own particular function and perform it more what?

A

These cells:

  1. Are adapted to their own particular function
  2. Perform it more effectively
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21
Q

The cells of a multicellular organism have therefore evolved to become more and more suited to one specialised function.
These cells are adapted to their own particular function and perform it more effectively.
As a result, what?

A

As a result, the whole organism functions efficiently

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22
Q

For working efficiency, cells are normally what?

A

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together

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23
Q

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a what?

A

Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue

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24
Q

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue.
Examples of tissues:
Epithelial tissues are found where?

A

Epithelial tissues are found in animals

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25
Q

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue.
Examples of tissues:
Epithelial tissues are found in animals and consist of what?

A

Epithelial tissues:

  1. Are found in animals
  2. Consist of sheets of cells
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26
Q

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue.
Examples of tissues:
Epithelial tissues are found in animals and consist of sheets of cells.
They line what?

A

Epithelial tissues line the surfaces of organs

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27
Q

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue.
Examples of tissues:
Epithelial tissues are found in animals and consist of sheets of cells.
Epithelial tissues line the surfaces of organs and often have a what function?

A 
Epithelial tissues line the surfaces of organs and often have a:
1. Protective
Or,
2. Secretory
function
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28
Q

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue.
Examples of tissues:
Epithelial tissues are found in animals and consist of sheets of cells.
Epithelial tissues line the surfaces of organs and often have a protective or secretory function.
There are many similar types of epithelial tissues, including what?

A

There are many similar types of epithelial tissues, including:

  1. Those that are made up of thin, flat cells that line organs where diffusion takes place
  2. Ciliated epithelium that lines a duct
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29
Q

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue.
Examples of tissues:
Epithelial tissues are found in animals and consist of sheets of cells.
Epithelial tissues line the surfaces of organs and often have a protective or secretory function.
There are many similar types of epithelial tissues, including those that are made up of thin, flat cells that line organs where diffusion takes place, for example what, and ciliated epithelium that lines a duct?

A

There are many similar types of epithelial tissues, including:

  1. Those that are made up of thin, flat cells that line organs where diffusion takes place, for example the alveoli of the lungs
  2. Ciliated epithelium that lines a duct
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30
Q

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue.
Examples of tissues:
Epithelial tissues are found in animals and consist of sheets of cells.
Epithelial tissues line the surfaces of organs and often have a protective or secretory function.
There are many similar types of epithelial tissues, including those that are made up of thin, flat cells that line organs where diffusion takes place, for example the alveoli of the lungs, and ciliated epithelium that lines a duct, for example what?

A

There are many similar types of epithelial tissues, including:

  1. Those that are made up of thin, flat cells that line organs where diffusion takes place, for example the alveoli of the lungs
  2. Ciliated epithelium that lines a duct, for example the trachea
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31
Q

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue.
Examples of tissues:
Epithelial tissues are found in animals and consist of sheets of cells.
Epithelial tissues line the surfaces of organs and often have a protective or secretory function.
There are many similar types of epithelial tissues, including those that are made up of thin, flat cells that line organs where diffusion takes place, for example the alveoli of the lungs, and ciliated epithelium that lines a duct, for example the trachea.
The cilia are used to do what?

A

The cilia are used to move mucus over the epithelial surface

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32
Q

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue.
Examples of tissues:
Xylem occurs where?

A

Xylem occurs in plants

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33
Q

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue.
Examples of tissues:
Xylem occurs in plants and is made up of what?

A

Xylem:

  1. Occurs in plants
  2. Is made up of a number of similar cell types
34
Q

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue.
Examples of tissues:
Xylem occurs in plants and is made up of a number of similar cell types.
Xylem is used to do what?

A

Xylem is used to transport:
1. Water
2. Mineral ions
throughout the plant

35
Q

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue.
Examples of tissues:
Xylem occurs in plants and is made up of a number of similar cell types.
Xylem is used to transport water and mineral ions throughout the plant and also does what?

A

Xylem:

  1. Is used to transport water and mineral ions throughout the plant
  2. Also gives mechanical support
36
Q

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into what?

A

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs

37
Q

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs.
What is an organ?

A

An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions

38
Q

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs.
An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one what?

A

An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function

39
Q

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs.
An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function.
In animals, for example, the stomach is an organ that is involved in what?

A

In animals, for example, the stomach is an organ that is involved in the digestion of certain types of food

40
Q

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs.
An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function.
In animals, for example, the stomach is an organ that is involved in the digestion of certain types of food.
The stomach is made up of tissues such as what?

A

The stomach is made up of tissues such as:

  1. Muscle tissue
  2. Epithelial tissue
  3. Connective tissue
41
Q

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs.
An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function.
In animals, for example, the stomach is an organ that is involved in the digestion of certain types of food.
The stomach is made up of tissues such as muscle tissue, epithelial tissue and connective tissue.
The stomach is made up of muscle tissue to do what?

A

The stomach is made up of muscle tissue to:
1. Churn
2. Mix
the stomach contents

42
Q

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs.
An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function.
In animals, for example, the stomach is an organ that is involved in the digestion of certain types of food.
The stomach is made up of tissues such as muscle tissue, epithelial tissue and connective tissue.
The stomach is made up of epithelial tissue to do what?

A

The stomach is made up epithelial tissue to:

  1. Protect the stomach wall
  2. Produce secretions
43
Q

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs.
An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function.
In animals, for example, the stomach is an organ that is involved in the digestion of certain types of food.
The stomach is made up of tissues such as muscle tissue, epithelial tissue and connective tissue.
The stomach is made up of connective tissue to do what?

A

The stomach is made up of connective tissue to hold together the other tissues

44
Q

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs.
An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function.
In plants, what is an organ?

A

In plants, a leaf is an organ

45
Q

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs.
An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function.
In plants, a leaf is an organ that is made of up of what tissues?

A 
In plants, a leaf is an organ that is made up of the:
1. Palisade mesophyll
2. Spongy mesophyll
3. Epidermis
4. Phloem
5. Xylem
tissues
46
Q

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs.
An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function.
In plants, a leaf is an organ that is made of up of the palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, epidermis, phloem and xylem tissues.
The palisade mesophyll tissue is made up of what?

A

The palisade mesophyll tissue is made up of leaf palisade cells

47
Q

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs.
An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function.
In plants, a leaf is an organ that is made of up of the palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, epidermis, phloem and xylem tissues.
The palisade mesophyll tissue is made up of leaf palisade cells that do what?

A

The palisade mesophyll tissue is made up of leaf palisade cells that carry out photosynthesis

48
Q

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs.
An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function.
In plants, a leaf is an organ that is made of up of the palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, epidermis, phloem and xylem tissues.
The spongy mesophyll tissue is adapted for what?

A

The spongy mesophyll tissue is adapted for gaseous diffusion

49
Q

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs.
An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function.
In plants, a leaf is an organ that is made of up of the palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, epidermis, phloem and xylem tissues.
The epidermis tissue is to do what?

A

The epidermis tissue is to:

  1. Protect the leaf
  2. Allow gaseous diffusion
50
Q

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs.
An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function.
In plants, a leaf is an organ that is made of up of the palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, epidermis, phloem and xylem tissues.
The phloem tissue is to do what?

A

The phloem tissue is to transport organic materials away from the leaf

51
Q

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs.
An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function.
In plants, a leaf is an organ that is made of up of the palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, epidermis, phloem and xylem tissues.
The xylem tissue is to do what?

A

The xylem tissue is to transport:
1. Water
2. Mineral ions
into the leaf

52
Q

It is not always easy to determine which structures are organs.
Example

A

For example, blood
1. Capillaries are not organs
,whereas
2. Arteries and veins are organs

53
Q

It is not always easy to determine which structures are organs.
For example, blood capillaries are not organs, whereas arteries and veins are organs.
All 3 structures have the same major function, the transport of what?

A

All 3 structures have the same major function, the transport of blood

54
Q

It is not always easy to determine which structures are organs.
For example, blood capillaries are not organs, whereas arteries and veins are organs.
All 3 structures have the same major function, the transport of blood.
However, capillaries are made up of what?

A

Capillaries are made up of just one tissue, epithelial tissue

55
Q

It is not always easy to determine which structures are organs.
For example, blood capillaries are not organs, whereas arteries and veins are organs.
All 3 structures have the same major function, the transport of blood.
However, capillaries are made up of just one tissue, epithelial tissue, whereas arteries and veins are made up of what?

A

Capillaries are made up of just one tissue, epithelial tissue, whereas:
1. Arteries
2. Veins
are made up of many tissues

56
Q

It is not always easy to determine which structures are organs.
For example, blood capillaries are not organs, whereas arteries and veins are organs.
All 3 structures have the same major function, the transport of blood.
However, capillaries are made up of just one tissue, epithelial tissue, whereas arteries and veins are made up of many tissues, for example what?

A

Capillaries are made up of just one tissue, epithelial tissue, whereas arteries and veins are made up of many tissues, for example:

  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Muscle tissue
  3. Other tissues
57
Q

Organs work together as a single unit known as what?

A

Organs work together as a single unit known as an organ system

58
Q

Organs work together as a single unit known as an organ system.
These organ systems may be grouped together to do what?

A

These organ systems may be grouped together to perform particular functions more efficiently

59
Q

Organs work together as a single unit known as an organ system.
These organ systems may be grouped together to perform particular functions more efficiently.
There are a number of organ systems in humans:
1. The digestive system does what?

A

The digestive system:

  1. Digests
  2. Processes food
60
Q

Organs work together as a single unit known as an organ system.
These organ systems may be grouped together to perform particular functions more efficiently.
There are a number of organ systems in humans:
1. The digestive system digests and processes food.
The digestive system is made up of organs that include what?

A

The digestive system is made up of organs that include the:

  1. Salivary glands
  2. Oesophagus
  3. Stomach
  4. Duodenum
  5. Ileum
  6. Pancreas
  7. Liver
61
Q

Organs work together as a single unit known as an organ system.
These organ systems may be grouped together to perform particular functions more efficiently.
There are a number of organ systems in humans:
2. The respiratory system is used for what?

A

The respiratory system is used for:

  1. Breathing
  2. Gas exchange
62
Q

Organs work together as a single unit known as an organ system.
These organ systems may be grouped together to perform particular functions more efficiently.
There are a number of organ systems in humans:
2. The respiratory system is used for breathing and gas exchange.
The respiratory system is made up of organs that include what?

A

The respiratory system is made up of organs that include the:

  1. Trachea
  2. Bronchi
  3. Lungs
63
Q

Organs work together as a single unit known as an organ system.
These organ systems may be grouped together to perform particular functions more efficiently.
There are a number of organ systems in humans:
3. The circulatory system does what?

A

The circulatory system:
1. Pumps
2. Circulates
blood

64
Q

Organs work together as a single unit known as an organ system.
These organ systems may be grouped together to perform particular functions more efficiently.
There are a number of organ systems in humans:
3. The circulatory system pumps and circulates blood.
The circulatory system is made up of organs that include what?

A

The circulatory system is made up of organs that include the:

  1. Heart
  2. Arteries
  3. Veins
65
Q

Blood capillaries are not what?

A

Blood capillaries are not organs

66
Q

Blood capillaries are not organs, but what are?

A

Blood capillaries are not organs, but:
1. Arteries
2. Veins
are

67
Q

Blood capillaries are not organs, but arteries and veins are.
All 3 structures have the same what?

A

All 3 structures have the same major function

68
Q

Blood capillaries are not organs, but arteries and veins are.
All 3 structures have the same major function - what?

A

All 3 structures have the same major function - the transport of blood

69
Q

Blood capillaries are not organs, but arteries and veins are.
All 3 structures have the same major function - the transport of blood.
However, capillaries are made up of what?

A

Capillaries are made up of only one type of tissue

70
Q

Blood capillaries are not organs, but arteries and veins are.
All 3 structures have the same major function - the transport of blood.
However, capillaries are made up of only one type of tissue, what?

A

Capillaries are made up of only one type of tissue, epithelial tissue

71
Q

Blood capillaries are not organs, but arteries and veins are.
All 3 structures have the same major function - the transport of blood.
However, capillaries are made up of only one type of tissue, epithelial tissue, whereas arteries and veins are made up of what?

A

Capillaries are made up of only one type of tissue, epithelial tissue, whereas:
1. Arteries
2. Veins
are made up of many tissues

72
Q

Blood capillaries are not organs, but arteries and veins are.
All 3 structures have the same major function - the transport of blood.
However, capillaries are made up of only one type of tissue, epithelial tissue, whereas arteries and veins are made up of many tissues - what?

A

Capillaries are made up of only one type of tissue, epithelial tissue, whereas arteries and veins are made up of many tissues -

  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Muscle tissue
  3. Connective tissue
73
Q

What organs does the digestive system contain?

A

The digestive system contains the:

  1. Small and large intestines
  2. Stomach
  3. Gullet
74
Q

What organs does the respiratory system contain?

A

The respiratory system contains the:

  1. Windpipe
  2. Lungs
75
Q

What organs does the nervous system contain?

A

The nervous system contains the:

  1. Brain
  2. Nerves
  3. Spinal cord
76
Q

What organs does the excretory system contain?

A

The excretory system contains the:

  1. Kidney(s)
  2. Bladder
77
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

The function of the digestive system is to break down the food that we eat

78
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

The function of the nervous system is to:

  1. Sense what is happening around us
  2. Decide what to do
79
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

The function of the respiratory system is to:

  1. Take in oxygen
  2. Give out carbon dioxide
80
Q

What is the function of the excretory system?

A

The function of the excretory system is to get waste out of the body

SAJID A Level AQA Biology (69 decks)

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