5.3: T lymphocytes and cell mediated immunity

Question 1

What is the initial response of the body to infection?

Answer 1

The initial response of the body to infection is non-specific

Question 2

Antigens are usually proteins that are part of the what of invading cells?

Answer 2

Antigens are usually proteins that are part of the:
1. Cell-surface membranes
Or,
2. Cell walls
of invading cells

Question 3

Antigens are usually proteins that are part of the cell-surface membranes or cell walls of invading cells, such as what?

Answer 3

Antigens are usually proteins that are part of the cell-surface membranes or cell walls of invading cells, such as:
1. Microorganisms
Or,
2. Abnormal body cells

Question 4

Antigens are usually proteins that are part of the cell-surface membranes or cell walls of invading cells, such as microorganisms or abnormal body cells, like what?

Answer 4

Antigens are usually proteins that are part of the cell-surface membranes or cell walls of invading cells, such as:
1. Microorganisms
Or,
2. Abnormal body cells, like cancer cells

Question 5

Antigens are usually proteins that are part of the cell-surface membranes or cell walls of invading cells, such as microorganisms or abnormal body cells, like cancer cells.
What does the presence of an antigen do as part of the body’s defence system?

Answer 5

The presence of an antigen triggers the production of an antibody as part of the body’s defence system

Question 6

Immune responses such as phagocytosis are non-specific and occur whatever the infection.
The body also has specific responses that react to specific antigens.
These are slower in action at first, but they can provide what?

Answer 6

These are slower in action at first, but they can provide long-term immunity

Question 7

Immune responses such as phagocytosis are non-specific and occur whatever the infection.
The body also has specific responses that react to specific antigens.
These are slower in action at first, but they can provide long-term immunity.
This specific immune response depends on a type of white cell called a lymphocyte.
What are lymphocytes produced by?

Answer 7

Lymphocytes are produced by stem cells

Question 8

Immune responses such as phagocytosis are non-specific and occur whatever the infection.
The body also has specific responses that react to specific antigens.
These are slower in action at first, but they can provide long-term immunity.
This specific immune response depends on a type of white cell called a lymphocyte.
Lymphocytes are produced by stem cells where?

Answer 8

Lymphocytes are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow

Question 9

Immune responses such as phagocytosis are non-specific and occur whatever the infection.
The body also has specific responses that react to specific antigens.
These are slower in action at first, but they can provide long-term immunity.
This specific immune response depends on a type of white cell called a lymphocyte.
Lymphocytes are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow.
There are 2 types of lymphocytes, each with its own what?

Answer 9

There are 2 types of lymphocytes, each with its own role in the immune response

Question 10

Immune responses such as phagocytosis are non-specific and occur whatever the infection.
The body also has specific responses that react to specific antigens.
These are slower in action at first, but they can provide long-term immunity.
This specific immune response depends on a type of white cell called a lymphocyte.
Lymphocytes are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow.
There are 2 types of lymphocytes, each with its own role in the immune response.
Why are B lymphocytes (B cells) so called?

Answer 10

B lymphocytes (B cells) are so called, because they mature in the bone marrow

Question 11

Immune responses such as phagocytosis are non-specific and occur whatever the infection.
The body also has specific responses that react to specific antigens.
These are slower in action at first, but they can provide long-term immunity.
This specific immune response depends on a type of white cell called a lymphocyte.
Lymphocytes are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow.
There are 2 types of lymphocytes, each with its own role in the immune response.
B lymphocytes (B cells) are so called, because they mature in the bone marrow.
B lymphocytes (B cells) are associated with what immunity?

Answer 11

B lymphocytes (B cells) are associated with humoral immunity

Question 12

Immune responses such as phagocytosis are non-specific and occur whatever the infection.
The body also has specific responses that react to specific antigens.
These are slower in action at first, but they can provide long-term immunity.
This specific immune response depends on a type of white cell called a lymphocyte.
Lymphocytes are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow.
There are 2 types of lymphocytes, each with its own role in the immune response.
B lymphocytes (B cells) are so called, because they mature in the bone marrow.
B lymphocytes (B cells) are associated with humoral immunity.
What is humoral immunity?

Answer 12

Humoral immunity is immunity involving antibodies that are present in:
1. Body fluids
Or,
2. ‘Humour’

Question 13

Immune responses such as phagocytosis are non-specific and occur whatever the infection.
The body also has specific responses that react to specific antigens.
These are slower in action at first, but they can provide long-term immunity.
This specific immune response depends on a type of white cell called a lymphocyte.
Lymphocytes are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow.
There are 2 types of lymphocytes, each with its own role in the immune response.
B lymphocytes (B cells) are so called, because they mature in the bone marrow.
B lymphocytes (B cells) are associated with humoral immunity.
Humoral immunity is immunity involving antibodies that are present in body fluids or ‘humour,’ such as what?

Answer 13

Humoral immunity is immunity involving antibodies that are present in:
1. Body fluids
Or,
2. ‘Humour,’ such as blood plasma

Question 14

Immune responses such as phagocytosis are non-specific and occur whatever the infection.
The body also has specific responses that react to specific antigens.
These are slower in action at first, but they can provide long-term immunity.
This specific immune response depends on a type of white cell called a lymphocyte.
Lymphocytes are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow.
There are 2 types of lymphocytes, each with its own role in the immune response.
Why are T lymphocytes (T cells) so called?

Answer 14

T lymphocytes (T cells) are so called, because they mature in the thymus gland

Question 15

Immune responses such as phagocytosis are non-specific and occur whatever the infection.
The body also has specific responses that react to specific antigens.
These are slower in action at first, but they can provide long-term immunity.
This specific immune response depends on a type of white cell called a lymphocyte.
Lymphocytes are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow.
There are 2 types of lymphocytes, each with its own role in the immune response.
T lymphocytes (T cells) are so called, because they mature in the thymus gland.
T lymphocytes (T cells) are associated with what immunity?

Answer 15

T lymphocytes (T cells) are associated with cell-mediated immunity

Question 16

Immune responses such as phagocytosis are non-specific and occur whatever the infection.
The body also has specific responses that react to specific antigens.
These are slower in action at first, but they can provide long-term immunity.
This specific immune response depends on a type of white cell called a lymphocyte.
Lymphocytes are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow.
There are 2 types of lymphocytes, each with its own role in the immune response.
T lymphocytes (T cells) are so called, because they mature in the thymus gland.
T lymphocytes (T cells) are associated with cell-mediated immunity.
What is cell-mediated immunity?

Answer 16

Cell-mediated immunity is immunity involving body cells

Question 17

T lymphocytes can distinguish invader cells from normal cells, because:
1. Phagocytes that have engulfed and hydrolysed a pathogen present what on their own cell-surface membrane?

Answer 17

T lymphocytes can distinguish invader cells from normal cells, because phagocytes that have engulfed and hydrolysed a pathogen present some of a pathogen’s antigens on their own cell-surface membrane

Question 18

T lymphocytes can distinguish invader cells from normal cells, because:

1. Phagocytes that have engulfed and hydrolysed a pathogen present some of a pathogen’s antigens on their own cell-surface membrane.
2. What do body cells invaded by a virus do?

Answer 18

T lymphocytes can distinguish invader cells from normal cells, because body cells invaded by a virus present some of the viral antigens on their own cell-surface membrane

Question 19

T lymphocytes can distinguish invader cells from normal cells, because:

1. Phagocytes that have engulfed and hydrolysed a pathogen present some of a pathogen’s antigens on their own cell-surface membrane.
2. Body cells invaded by a virus present some of the viral antigens on their own cell-surface membrane.
3. What do transplanted cells from individuals of the same species have?

Answer 19

T lymphocytes can distinguish invader cells from normal cells, because transplanted cells from individuals of the same species have different antigens on their cell-surface membrane

Question 20

T lymphocytes can distinguish invader cells from normal cells, because:

1. Phagocytes that have engulfed and hydrolysed a pathogen present some of a pathogen’s antigens on their own cell-surface membrane.
2. Body cells invaded by a virus present some of the viral antigens on their own cell-surface membrane.
3. Transplanted cells from individuals of the same species have different antigens on their cell-surface membrane.
4. Cancer cells are different from normal body cells and do what?

Answer 20

T lymphocytes can distinguish invader cells from normal cells, because cancer cells are different from normal body cells and present antigens on their cell-surface membranes

Question 21

What are cells that display foreign antigens on their surface called?

Answer 21

Cells that display foreign antigens on their surface are called antigen-presenting cells

Question 22

Cells that display foreign antigens on their surface are called antigen-presenting cells, because they can do what?

Answer 22

Cells that display foreign antigens on their surface are called antigen-presenting cells, because they can present antigens of other cells on their own cell-surface membrane

Question 23

What will T lymphocytes only respond to?

Answer 23

T lymphocytes will only respond to antigens that are presented on a body cell

Question 24

T lymphocytes will only respond to antigens that are presented on a body cell, rather than to what?

Answer 24

T lymphocytes will only respond to:
1. Antigens that are presented on a body cell
,rather than to
2. Antigens within the body fluids

Question 25

T lymphocytes will only respond to antigens that are presented on a body cell, rather than to antigens within the body fluids.
What is this type of response called?

Answer 25

This type of response is called:
1. Cell-mediated immunity
Or,
2. The cellular response

Question 26

The role of the receptors on T cells is important.

What do the receptors on each T cell respond to?

Answer 26

The receptors on each T cell respond to a single antigen

Question 27

The role of the receptors on T cells is important.
The receptors on each T cell respond to a single antigen.
There is a vast number of different types of T cell, each one responding to a different what?

Answer 27

There is a vast number of different types of T cell, each one responding to a different antigen

Question 28

The response of T lymphocytes to infection by a pathogen:

1. Pathogens invade body cells or are what?

Answer 28

Pathogens:
1. Invade body cells
Or,
2. Are taken in by phagocytes

Question 29

The response of T lymphocytes to infection by a pathogen:

1. Pathogens invade body cells or are taken in by phagocytes.
2. What does the phagocyte do?

Answer 29

The phagocyte places antigens from the pathogen on its cell-surface membrane

Question 30

The response of T lymphocytes to infection by a pathogen:

1. Pathogens invade body cells or are taken in by phagocytes.
2. The phagocyte places antigens from the pathogen on its cell-surface membrane.
3. Receptors on a specific what T cell fit exactly onto these antigens?

Answer 30

Receptors on a specific helper T cell fit exactly onto these antigens

Question 31

The response of T lymphocytes to infection by a pathogen:

1. Pathogens invade body cells or are taken in by phagocytes.
2. The phagocyte places antigens from the pathogen on its cell-surface membrane.
3. Receptors on a specific helper T cell fit exactly onto these antigens.
4. What does this attachment do?

Answer 31

This attachment activates the T cell to:

1. Divide rapidly by mitosis
2. Form a clone of genetically identical cells

Question 32

The response of T lymphocytes to infection by a pathogen:

1. Pathogens invade body cells or are taken in by phagocytes.
2. The phagocyte places antigens from the pathogen on its cell-surface membrane.
3. Receptors on a specific helper T cell fit exactly onto these antigens.
4. This attachment activates the T cell to divide rapidly by mitosis and form a clone of genetically identical cells.
5. What do the cloned T cells do?

Answer 32

The cloned T cells:

1. Develop into memory cells that enable a rapid response to future infections by the same pathogen
2. Stimulate phagocytes to engulf pathogens by phagocytosis
3. Stimulate B cells to divide and secret their antibody
4. Activate cytotoxic T cells

Question 33

How cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells:

What cells do cytotoxic T cells kill?

Answer 33

Cytotoxic T cells kill:

1. Abnormal cells
2. Body cells that are infected by pathogens

Question 34

How cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells:

Cytotoxic T cells kill abnormal cells and body cells that are infected by pathogens, by doing what?

Answer 34

Cytotoxic T cells kill:
1. Abnormal cells
2. Body cells that are infected by pathogens
,by producing a protein called perforin

Question 35

How cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells:
Cytotoxic T cells kill abnormal cells and body cells that are infected by pathogens, by producing a protein called perforin that does what?

Answer 35

Cytotoxic T cells kill:
1. Abnormal cells
2. Body cells that are infected by pathogens
,by producing a protein called perforin that makes holes in the cell-surface membrane

Question 36

How cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells:
Cytotoxic T cells kill abnormal cells and body cells that are infected by pathogens, by producing a protein called perforin that makes holes in the cell-surface membrane.
What do these holes mean?

Answer 36

These holes mean that the:

1. Cell membrane becomes freely permeable to all substances
2. Cell dies as a result

Question 37

How cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells:
Cytotoxic T cells kill abnormal cells and body cells that are infected by pathogens, by producing a protein called perforin that makes holes in the cell-surface membrane.
These holes mean that the cell membrane becomes freely permeable to all substances and the cell dies as a result.
What does this illustrate?

Answer 37

This illustrates the vital importance of cell-surface membranes in maintaining the integrity of cells

Question 38

How cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells:
Cytotoxic T cells kill abnormal cells and body cells that are infected by pathogens, by producing a protein called perforin that makes holes in the cell-surface membrane.
These holes mean that the cell membrane becomes freely permeable to all substances and the cell dies as a result.
This illustrates the vital importance of cell-surface membranes in maintaining the integrity of cells and hence what?

Answer 38

This illustrates the vital importance of cell-surface membranes in maintaining:

1. The integrity of cells
2. Hence their survival

Question 39

What is the action of T cells most effective against?

Answer 39

The action of T cells is most effective against viruses

Question 40

The action of T cells is most effective against viruses, why?

Answer 40

The action of T cells is most effective against viruses, because viruses replicate inside cells

Question 41

The action of T cells is most effective against viruses, because viruses replicate inside cells.
As viruses use living cells in which to replicate, this sacrifice of body cells prevents what?

Answer 41

As viruses use living cells in which to replicate, this sacrifice of body cells prevents viruses from:
1. Multiplying
2. Infecting
more cells

Question 42

What do T lymphocytes respond to?

Answer 42

T lymphocytes respond to an organism’s own cells that have been invaded by non-self material

Question 43

T lymphocytes respond to an organism’s own cells that have been invaded by non-self material, for example what?

Answer 43

T lymphocytes respond to an organism’s own cells that have been invaded by non-self material, for example a:
1. Virus
Or,
2. Cancer cell

Question 44

T lymphocytes respond to an organism’s own cells that have been invaded by non-self material, for example a virus or a cancer cell.
What do T lymphocytes also respond to?

Answer 44

T lymphocytes also respond to transplanted material

Question 45

T lymphocytes respond to an organism’s own cells that have been invaded by non-self material, for example a virus or a cancer cell.
T lymphocytes also respond to transplanted material, which is what?

Answer 45

T lymphocytes also respond to transplanted material, which is genetically different