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Homeostasis Flashcards

0
Q

Core body temperature

A

37 degrees

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1
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body despite changes in the external environment

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2
Q

Integrator

A

Compares the data from receptor and stored set point data and gives instructions to effector

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3
Q

Negative feedback

A

Mechanism that counteracts and stops any further response

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4
Q

Set point

A

The ideal/normal value of the variable

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5
Q

Response

A

Corrective change that brings variable back to set point

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6
Q

Receptor/sensor

A

Sensor that detects the change in the variable

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7
Q

Variable

A

Characteristic that is controlled

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8
Q

Effector

A

Beings about a corrective change

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9
Q

Stimulus

A

A change in the variable

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10
Q

Egestion

A

Removal of waste material that has not been inside cells (involved in cell reactions)

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11
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of waste products of cell reactions from the body

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12
Q

Where does carbon dioxide come from

A

Respiration product

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13
Q

Where does urea come from

A

Made during breakdown of protein/amino acids in the liver

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14
Q

Where do salt & mineral ions & water come from

A

Food and drink, cell metabolism

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15
Q

Thermoregulation

A

The ability of the body to keep its temperature close to 37 degrees

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16
Q

What happens (enzymes) if the body temp is too high

A

Enzymes structure damaged

They are denatured

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17
Q

What happens if the body temp is too low (enzymes)

A

Less energy for chemical reactions

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18
Q

Hyperthermia

A

What happens when the body temperature increases significantly over 37 degrees

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19
Q

Hypothermia

A

Body temp decreases significantly below 37

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20
Q

Dermis

A

Makes new epidermis at the top and contains all the nerves, blood vessels, sebaceous glands, sweat glands and hair roots

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21
Q

Top layer Epidermis

A

The outside of your skin. The top layer is dead and provides protection from dirt, germs and strong sunlight.

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22
Q

Middle layer epidermis

A

Contains living cells

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23
Q

Bottom layer epidermis

A

Divides continually to provide new cells for the epidermis

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24
Hair erector muscle
Pulls the hair upright when muscle contracts
25
Sebaceous gland
Produces oily substance called sebum which makes the skin waterproof, prevents it from drying out and acts as a mild antiseptic to destroy funghi and bacteria
26
Sensory nerves
Help you feel pain, pressure or temperature
27
Skin arterioles
Supply skin capillaries with oxygenated blood
28
Skin capillaries
Provide food & oxygen for the skin cells
29
Subcutaneous layer (adipose)
Fatty tissue. Helps keep u warm & protects your organs and bones from injury
30
Sweat duct
For transport of sweat from sweat gland to the sweat pore
31
Too much glucose in blood
Hyperglycaemia
32
Too little glucose in blood
Hypoglycaemia
33
Diabetes
Disorder characterised by high levels of glucose in blood
34
How is type 1 diabetes treated
Insulin injections
35
How is type 2 diabetes treated
Regulation of diet
36
Type 1 diabetes 2
- juvenile onset | - pancreas doesn't secrete insulin
37
Type 2 diabetes
- insulin doesn't bind to receptors on liver and muscle cells so cells can't take up the glucose
38
How does your body gain water
Food Drink Respiration
39
How does your body lose water
Evaporation Urination Defecation Exhalation
40
How do we lose water through exhalation
Air from the lungs is saturated with water vapour which is lost to the atmosphere every time we exhale
41
What is the response if your blood is too dilute (has too much water in it)
Less water is reabsorbed from the kidney into the blood This water then goes into the bladder as urine A large volume of dilute urine is produced
42
What is the response if your blood is too concentrated
More water is absorbed back into the blood from the kidney | Only a small quantity of concentrated urine is produced
43
Osmoregulation
Keeping the water & salt content of the interval environment constant
44
Vasodilation
Arterioles in skin widen
45
Why does people's skin look pale in cold weather
When it's cold the body reduces the amount of blood sent to your skin (through vasoconstriction)
46
Why do people go red when they exercise?
- they get hot exercising - vasodilation to cool you down - more blood flow to capillaries in skin surface
47
Why is too much sugar in the blood dangerous
It increases the solute concentration of the blood, so that too much water is lost from cells
48
Why is too little glucose dangerous
The body needs it for respiration
49
Which cells in the pancreas secrete hormones into the blood
The islets of langerhans
50
What hormone is secreted when blood glucose levels are too high
Insulin
51
What hormone is secreted when blood glucose levels are too low
Glucagon
52
What do the liver and muscle cells do when blood glucose levels are too high
Take up glucose and convert it into an insoluble polysaccharide called glycogen for storage. This causes the blood sugar levels to drop and return to normal
53
What does the liver do when blood glucose levels are too low
Breaks down glycogen into glucose which is released back into the bloodstream, this raising blood glucose levels
54
What happens when co2 concentration in the blood is low
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax | Breathing rate drops, O2 levels drop, co2 levels increase
55
What happens when co2 concentration in the blood is too high
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract | Breathing rate increases, O2 levels increase, CO2 levels drop
56
ADH
Anti diuretic hormone | Diuresis = flow of urine
57
Why might you urinate less on a hot day
Need to keep normal amount of water loss & when it's got more water is lost as sweat, so less would be lost through urination
58
When would vasodilation occur
When it's too hot - it would allow more blood to flow through capillaries in skin surface, so more heat is lost by radiation
59
When would vasoconstriction occur
When it's too cold. Less blood flows into the capillaries on the skin surface, so less heat is lost by radiation
60
Body temperature is controlled by
The thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus which had receptors that are sensitive to the temperature of the blood glowing through the brain
61
Blood concentration receptor
In hypothalamus
62
Co2 concentration receptor
In respiratory control centre of CNS in medulla
63
Blood glucose levels receptor
In pancreas
64
What organ produces insulin
Pancreas
65
What produces ADH
pituitary gland
66
How does the mouth get rid of waste products
Exhalation, gets rid of co2 & water
67
How do the kidneys get rid of waste
Urination gets rid of urea, mineral ions/salt and water
68
How does the skin get rid of waste substances
Sweating gets rid of urea, mineral ions/salt and water
69
Diabetes is caused by
Underproduction of the hormone insulin or lack of response of target cells to insulin
70
What secretes insulin
Beta cells in the islets of langerhans in the pancreas
71
What do the the alpha cells of the islets of langerhans produce
The hormone glucagon, which has the opposite action from insulin
72
Symptoms of diabetes
``` Glucose in the urine Frequent urination Intense thirst Hunger Weight loss ```
73
What causes type 1 diabetes
Happens when the pancreatic beta cells have been destroyed due to an autoimmune disorder that makes the body's antibodies attack their own beta cells
74
Why do people go bright red in the face when they exercise
Get hot exercising -> vasodilation to cool you down -> more blood flows to capillaries in skin surface
75
Why does peoples skin look pale in cold weather
When it's cold the body reduces the amount of blood it sends to your skin (through vasoconstriction)
76
What does glucagon do
Released when the glucose level in the blood is low causing the liver & muscle cells to break down stored glycogen into glucose and released it into the bloodstream
77
The function of insulin
To inform the body that it is 'well fed' ie that glucose is present in the blood, and thus to signal to liver and muscle cells to take up glucose from the blood stream and convert it into glycogen
78
Why is too much sugar in the blood dangerous
It increases the solute concentration of the blood, so that too much water is lost from cells
79
Why is too little glucose dangerous
The body needs it for respiration t
80
What monitors blood glucose levels
Receptors in the pancreas
81
Glycogen
Insoluble polysaccharide that glucose is converted into for storage
82
Organ that stores glucose as glycogen
Liver
83
Organ which produces insulin and glucagon
Pancreas
84
Organ in the skin that secretes perspiration
Sweat gland
85
Organ that senses the surface temperature of the body
Skin

Biology (31 decks)

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