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Biology > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

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0
Q

Core body temperature

A

37 degrees

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1
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body despite changes in the external environment

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2
Q

Integrator

A

Compares the data from receptor and stored set point data and gives instructions to effector

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3
Q

Negative feedback

A

Mechanism that counteracts and stops any further response

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4
Q

Set point

A

The ideal/normal value of the variable

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5
Q

Response

A

Corrective change that brings variable back to set point

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6
Q

Receptor/sensor

A

Sensor that detects the change in the variable

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7
Q

Variable

A

Characteristic that is controlled

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8
Q

Effector

A

Beings about a corrective change

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9
Q

Stimulus

A

A change in the variable

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10
Q

Egestion

A

Removal of waste material that has not been inside cells (involved in cell reactions)

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11
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of waste products of cell reactions from the body

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12
Q

Where does carbon dioxide come from

A

Respiration product

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13
Q

Where does urea come from

A

Made during breakdown of protein/amino acids in the liver

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14
Q

Where do salt & mineral ions & water come from

A

Food and drink, cell metabolism

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15
Q

Thermoregulation

A

The ability of the body to keep its temperature close to 37 degrees

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16
Q

What happens (enzymes) if the body temp is too high

A

Enzymes structure damaged

They are denatured

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17
Q

What happens if the body temp is too low (enzymes)

A

Less energy for chemical reactions

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18
Q

Hyperthermia

A

What happens when the body temperature increases significantly over 37 degrees

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19
Q

Hypothermia

A

Body temp decreases significantly below 37

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20
Q

Dermis

A

Makes new epidermis at the top and contains all the nerves, blood vessels, sebaceous glands, sweat glands and hair roots

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21
Q

Top layer Epidermis

A

The outside of your skin. The top layer is dead and provides protection from dirt, germs and strong sunlight.

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22
Q

Middle layer epidermis

A

Contains living cells

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23
Q

Bottom layer epidermis

A

Divides continually to provide new cells for the epidermis

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24
Q

Hair erector muscle

A

Pulls the hair upright when muscle contracts

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25
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

Produces oily substance called sebum which makes the skin waterproof, prevents it from drying out and acts as a mild antiseptic to destroy funghi and bacteria

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26
Q

Sensory nerves

A

Help you feel pain, pressure or temperature

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27
Q

Skin arterioles

A

Supply skin capillaries with oxygenated blood

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28
Q

Skin capillaries

A

Provide food & oxygen for the skin cells

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29
Q

Subcutaneous layer (adipose)

A

Fatty tissue. Helps keep u warm & protects your organs and bones from injury

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30
Q

Sweat duct

A

For transport of sweat from sweat gland to the sweat pore

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31
Q

Too much glucose in blood

A

Hyperglycaemia

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32
Q

Too little glucose in blood

A

Hypoglycaemia

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33
Q

Diabetes

A

Disorder characterised by high levels of glucose in blood

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34
Q

How is type 1 diabetes treated

A

Insulin injections

35
Q

How is type 2 diabetes treated

A

Regulation of diet

36
Q

Type 1 diabetes 2

A
  • juvenile onset

- pancreas doesn’t secrete insulin

37
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A
  • insulin doesn’t bind to receptors on liver and muscle cells so cells can’t take up the glucose
38
Q

How does your body gain water

A

Food
Drink
Respiration

39
Q

How does your body lose water

A

Evaporation
Urination
Defecation
Exhalation

40
Q

How do we lose water through exhalation

A

Air from the lungs is saturated with water vapour which is lost to the atmosphere every time we exhale

41
Q

What is the response if your blood is too dilute (has too much water in it)

A

Less water is reabsorbed from the kidney into the blood
This water then goes into the bladder as urine
A large volume of dilute urine is produced

42
Q

What is the response if your blood is too concentrated

A

More water is absorbed back into the blood from the kidney

Only a small quantity of concentrated urine is produced

43
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Keeping the water & salt content of the interval environment constant

44
Q

Vasodilation

A

Arterioles in skin widen

45
Q

Why does people’s skin look pale in cold weather

A

When it’s cold the body reduces the amount of blood sent to your skin (through vasoconstriction)

46
Q

Why do people go red when they exercise?

A
  • they get hot exercising
  • vasodilation to cool you down
  • more blood flow to capillaries in skin surface
47
Q

Why is too much sugar in the blood dangerous

A

It increases the solute concentration of the blood, so that too much water is lost from cells

48
Q

Why is too little glucose dangerous

A

The body needs it for respiration

49
Q

Which cells in the pancreas secrete hormones into the blood

A

The islets of langerhans

50
Q

What hormone is secreted when blood glucose levels are too high

A

Insulin

51
Q

What hormone is secreted when blood glucose levels are too low

A

Glucagon

52
Q

What do the liver and muscle cells do when blood glucose levels are too high

A

Take up glucose and convert it into an insoluble polysaccharide called glycogen for storage. This causes the blood sugar levels to drop and return to normal

53
Q

What does the liver do when blood glucose levels are too low

A

Breaks down glycogen into glucose which is released back into the bloodstream, this raising blood glucose levels

54
Q

What happens when co2 concentration in the blood is low

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax

Breathing rate drops, O2 levels drop, co2 levels increase

55
Q

What happens when co2 concentration in the blood is too high

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract

Breathing rate increases, O2 levels increase, CO2 levels drop

56
Q

ADH

A

Anti diuretic hormone

Diuresis = flow of urine

57
Q

Why might you urinate less on a hot day

A

Need to keep normal amount of water loss & when it’s got more water is lost as sweat, so less would be lost through urination

58
Q

When would vasodilation occur

A

When it’s too hot - it would allow more blood to flow through capillaries in skin surface, so more heat is lost by radiation

59
Q

When would vasoconstriction occur

A

When it’s too cold. Less blood flows into the capillaries on the skin surface, so less heat is lost by radiation

60
Q

Body temperature is controlled by

A

The thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus which had receptors that are sensitive to the temperature of the blood glowing through the brain

61
Q

Blood concentration receptor

A

In hypothalamus

62
Q

Co2 concentration receptor

A

In respiratory control centre of CNS in medulla

63
Q

Blood glucose levels receptor

A

In pancreas

64
Q

What organ produces insulin

A

Pancreas

65
Q

What produces ADH

A

pituitary gland

66
Q

How does the mouth get rid of waste products

A

Exhalation, gets rid of co2 & water

67
Q

How do the kidneys get rid of waste

A

Urination gets rid of urea, mineral ions/salt and water

68
Q

How does the skin get rid of waste substances

A

Sweating gets rid of urea, mineral ions/salt and water

69
Q

Diabetes is caused by

A

Underproduction of the hormone insulin or lack of response of target cells to insulin

70
Q

What secretes insulin

A

Beta cells in the islets of langerhans in the pancreas

71
Q

What do the the alpha cells of the islets of langerhans produce

A

The hormone glucagon, which has the opposite action from insulin

72
Q

Symptoms of diabetes

A 
Glucose in the urine
Frequent urination 
Intense thirst
Hunger
Weight loss
73
Q

What causes type 1 diabetes

A

Happens when the pancreatic beta cells have been destroyed due to an autoimmune disorder that makes the body’s antibodies attack their own beta cells

74
Q

Why do people go bright red in the face when they exercise

A

Get hot exercising -> vasodilation to cool you down -> more blood flows to capillaries in skin surface

75
Q

Why does peoples skin look pale in cold weather

A

When it’s cold the body reduces the amount of blood it sends to your skin (through vasoconstriction)

76
Q

What does glucagon do

A

Released when the glucose level in the blood is low causing the liver & muscle cells to break down stored glycogen into glucose and released it into the bloodstream

77
Q

The function of insulin

A

To inform the body that it is ‘well fed’ ie that glucose is present in the blood, and thus to signal to liver and muscle cells to take up glucose from the blood stream and convert it into glycogen

78
Q

Why is too much sugar in the blood dangerous

A

It increases the solute concentration of the blood, so that too much water is lost from cells

79
Q

Why is too little glucose dangerous

A

The body needs it for respiration t

80
Q

What monitors blood glucose levels

A

Receptors in the pancreas

81
Q

Glycogen

A

Insoluble polysaccharide that glucose is converted into for storage

82
Q

Organ that stores glucose as glycogen

A

Liver

83
Q

Organ which produces insulin and glucagon

A

Pancreas

84
Q

Organ in the skin that secretes perspiration

A

Sweat gland

85
Q

Organ that senses the surface temperature of the body

A

Skin

Biology (31 decks)

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