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CR2 > Histology of Resp review > Flashcards

Histology of Resp review Flashcards

1
Q

Which side are you more likely to have aspirational pneuomonia on? [1]

A

Right side: more vertical on that side

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2
Q

Name this cell type depicted? [1]

A

Ciliated pseudostratified

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3
Q

The mucosa of the nasal cavities (and paranasal sinuses) consists of a [] epithelium RE containing numerous [] cells. This is called respiratory epithelium and is found elsewhere in the conducting part of the respiratory tract. The respiratory epithelium has an unusually thick [].

A

The mucosa of the nasal cavities (and paranasal sinuses) consists of a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium RE containing numerous mucin-secreting goblet cells. This is called respiratory epithelium and is found elsewhere in the conducting part of the respiratory tract. The respiratory epithelium has an unusually thick basement membrane (not seen at this magnification).

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4
Q

Where are do you find olfactory epithelium? [1]
Which cell types does it contain? [1]

A

Olfactory epithelium: located at the apex of the

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4
Q

Where are do you find olfactory epithelium? [1]
Which cell types does it contain? [1]

A

Olfactory epithelium: located at the apex of each nasal cavity

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5
Q

Why do you have dilated veins in your sinuses? [1]

A

Provide lots of blood flow to warm the air that flows in the sinuses [1]

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6
Q

What is cell structure is in the oral cavity? [1]
What is cell structure is in the nasal cavity? [1]

What is the cell type in the pharynx? [1]

A

What is cell structure is in the oral cavity? [1]
Stratified squamous epithelium

What is cell structure is in the nasal cavity? [1]
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What is the cell type in the pharynx? [1]
Non-keritanised stratified squamous epithelium

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7
Q

In which Ptx population does squamous epithelium replace pseudostratified squamous epithelium? [1]

A

In smokers

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8
Q

What is the cell type in larynx?

Non-keritanised stratified squamous epithelium
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Keritanised stratified squamous epithelium

A

What is the cell type in larynx?

Non-keritanised stratified squamous epithelium
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Keritanised stratified squamous epithelium

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

what lies below the ciliated pseudostratified columnar resp. epithelium of nasal cavity in resp system?

A

below pseudostratified columnar resp. epithelium = lamina propria (thin layer of connective tissue that forms part of the moist linings known as mucous membranes or mucosa)

in the lamina propria:
seromucous glands - drain to surface.
CT
and blood vessels

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11
Q

explain structure of olfactory epithelium

A
  • still ciliated pseudostratified columnar resp. epithelium - but thicker.
    **NO GOBLET CELLs !!
  • olfactory cells: have sense receptor cilia on surface. connect toolfactory nerve
  • olfactory (Bowmans) glands: secrete serous secretion that serves as a trap and solvent for odiferous substances
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12
Q

how does respiratory and olfactory epithelium differ? / how can you tell the difference? (2)

A

olfactory epithelium is thicker (but still not stratified)!!
AND
nerve fibres in olfactory lamina propria

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

describe the histology of the pharynx (nasopharnx (2) and the oropharnynx and hypopharnxy (1))

what is found in lamina propria? (2)

A

- nasopharynx: ciliated resp epithilium & stratified squamous epithelium

- oropharynx & hypopharynx: non-keritinised stratified squamous epithelium

- laminia propria: connective tissue with mucous gland & elastic layer

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15
Q

what are the true vocal fold / cords histology like? what is the underlying skeltal muscles called?

A

vocal cords:

  • lined with both
    a) non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
    b) ciliated columnar epithlium cells
  • underlying layer: vocalis muscles
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16
Q

describe the histology of the ventricular folds / false vocal cords

  • *- what are they covered with?**
  • function?
  • underyling CT has what?
A
  • covered with: respiratory mucosa
  • function: sound resonance
  • underyling CT has: mucous glands
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17
Q

what are the blue and black arrows pointing to here in larynx ?

A

1 = vocalis muscle

2 = mucous glands

3 = ventricular folds

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18
Q

label 1-5 of larynx

A

1 = vocalis muscle

2 = vocal fold

3 = ventricles

4 = ventricular fold

5 = mucous glands

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19
Q

what are the 4 layers of the trachea?

A

- mucosa: ciliated pseudo. columnar epithelium and elastic rich lamina propria

  • submucosa: serous and mucous glands, BV and nerve fibres

- cartilaginous layer: c shaped hyaline cartilage (!). joined posteriorly by bands of SM called trachealis muscle

- adventitia- CT that binds trachea

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20
Q

label 1-5 of trachea

A
  1. Endothelium of trachea
  2. Seromucous glands
  3. Lamina propria and submucosa
  4. Hyaline cartilage

5 adventita

21
Q
A
22
Q

label 1-3

A

C- Hyaline cartilage. This can be seen as a C-shaped ring (stained blue) which support the tracheal mucosa and prevent its collapse during inspiration

T- Trachealis muscle / Smooth muscle. These bands of smooth muscle join the free ends of the C-shaped hyaline cartilage ring posteriorly. Contraction of the trachealis muscle reduces tracheal diameter and thereby assists in raising intrathoracic pressure during coughing.

LM – Longitudinal muscle. A few strands of longitudinal muscle can be seen behind the trachealis muscle

23
Q

tracheal epithelium:

consists of which cells? (5)

A
  • *- ciliated cels
  • mucous (goblet cells)**
  • brush cells (have blunt, squat microvill)
  • small granule cells (secrete various hormones)
  • *- basal cells**
24
Q

how do you tell the histological difference between trachea and bronchi?

A
  • *bronchi =** cartilage chips
  • *trachea =** cartialge c ring (picture shows this - c)
25
Q

explain structure of bronchi - 5 layers ?

A
  • mucosa (resp. epithelium)
  • muscularis - SMC
  • submucosa - glands, CT
  • cartilage layer (chips)
  • advenitia
26
Q

diffference between bronchi and bronchioles?

A 
bronchi = **cartilage present**
bronchiole = **no cartilage**
27
Q

5 differences between structure of trachea and bronchi?

A
  1. Respiratory epithelium is not as tall in the bronchi, and contains fewer goblet cells.
  2. The lamina propria has more elastic tissue than the trachea
  3. A muscularis mucosae begins to take shape between the lamina propria and submucosa
  4. There are fewer submucosal, seromucous glands
  5. Cartilage is found in plates rather than rings
28
Q

what do bronchioles have instead of cartilage?

what is the epithelial layer of bronchioles like?

are there goblet cells?

A

cartilage = NO. instead = thick layer of smooth muscle cell & folded mucosa

epithelial layer = simple ciliated columnar / cuboidal epitheliam

NO GOBLET CELLS

29
Q

what are alveolar ducts ?
what are alveolar sacs?

what are alvelolar cells aka?

A
  • *alveolar ducts:** elongated airways with almost no walls of alveoli
  • *alveolar sacs:** spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli

alveolar cells aka: pneumocytes

30
Q

which part of resp system is this?

A

bronchiole (no cart, thick smooth muscle and folded of the mucosa)

31
Q

what are goblet cells replaced by in bronchioles?

what is the function of ^?

A

goblet cell = NO. instead = clara cells

function:

  • watery surface. prevents luminal adhesian if wall of airway collapses
  • *- secretory protein C16 - associated with pathologies like COPD and asthma
  • detoxyifying compound, cytochrome p450 - regenerates epithelium of small airways when damaged**
32
Q

what are the two types of pneumocytes? explain the difference in strucutre
which is the majority?
which divide?
what does one of them make?

A
  • *pneumocytes I:**
  • flat sqaumous cells
  • 95 % of surface of alveoli
  • do not divide
  • *pneumocytes II:**
  • cuboidal cells
  • 5%
  • synthesize surfactant
  • stem cell like - replace type I after injury

the epithelium is a mix of these cells

33
Q

how do you tell between type I and II avlevolar cells?
what else do you see around alveolar?

A

pneumocytes is that type 1 pneumocytes are thin and flattened alveolar cells responsible for the gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries,

type 2 pneumocytes are cuboidal alveolar cells that are responsible for the secretion of pulmonary surfactants that reduce surface tension in the alveoli.

also get pulmonary macrophages in the alveoli BUT not within the walls

34
Q

what are the 4 layers that exist between the bllod and inspired air in the blood-air barrier?

A

capillary endothelium
fused basal lamina
alveolar epithelium (type 1 pnemocyte_
surfactant

35
Q

to which layers in resp. aiways do we get:

  • goblet cells
  • ciliated cells,
  • glands
  • hyaline cart
  • smooth muscle
  • elastic fibres
A
36
Q

fill in the table xox

A
37
Q

what is pleura histology like?

A
38
Q

label the alveoli :)

A

P1- Type 1 pneumocyte, P2- Type 2 pneumocyte, RBC – Red blood cells, C – capaillary, E – endothelial cell

39
Q

label this bronchus slide

A

1 : Smooth muscle. The lamina propria of the segmental bronchi are completely encircled by smooth muscle, which is disposed in a spiral manner. This arrangement permits contraction of the bronchi in both length and diameter during expiration.

2= Small aggregates of lymphocytes (2) which are part of the MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) are seen in the adventitia.

3- Seromucous glands. These are sparser in segmental bronchi submucosa. These glands are rarely found in the smaller airways, as you descend down the airway the number decrease gradually.

4- Cartilage framework. The cartilage here is reduced to a few irregular plates. Cartilage does not usually extend beyond segmental bronchi.

5- Submucosa. Note that the submucosa merges with the surrounding adventitia.

40
Q

what type of cell is pictured?

simple columnar ciliated epithelium
simple columnar epithelium
pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium

A

what type of cell is pictured?

simple columnar ciliated epithelium
simple columnar epithelium
pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium

41
Q

what type of cell is this? [1]

A

goblet cell

42
Q

which of the following would you find pseuodstratified cells?

colon
lower urinary tract
epidermis
oesophagus
collecting tubules of kidney
nose
alveoli
A

which of the following would you find pseuodstratified cells?

colon
lower urinary tract
epidermis
oesophagus
collecting tubules of kidney
**nose & upper resp tract**
 alveoli
43
Q

what cell type makes true and false vocal cords? [1]

A

non k stratified squamous

44
Q

what is the name of the ring that connects between tracheal cartilage? [1]

A

trachealis muscle

45
Q

label 1-5 of trachea

A
  1. Endothelium of trachea
  2. Seromucous glands
  3. Lamina propria and submucosa
  4. Hyaline cartilage

5 adventita

46
Q

The respiratory epithelium has an unusually thick WHAT? [1]

A

The respiratory epithelium has an unusually thick basement membrane

47
Q

Which condition do you see hyperplasia of goblet cells in respiratory system? [1]

A

Asthma

48
Q

What are a common consequence of prolonged or recurrent inflammation, particularly allergic inflammation? [1]

A

Nasal polyps are oedematous protrusions of the respiratory mucosa and are a common consequence of prolonged or recurrent inflammation, particularly allergic inflammation.

49
Q

Describe 3 histological changes seen in asthma Ptx? [3]

A

Asthma causes:

  • SM hyperplasia (due to increase in muscle use
  • Basement membrane thickening
  • Mucus hyperplasia
Fig. 6 Endoscopic biopsy from a patient with severe asthma shows mucus hyperplasia, extensive thickening of the subepithelial layer and marked infiltration of inflammatory cells—in particular, eosinophils.
50
Q

Clara cells have which three functions? [3]

A
  • They produce one of the components of surfactant.
  • They act as stem cells, i.e. they are able to divide,
    differentiate and replace other damaged cell types.
  • They contain enzyme systems which can detoxify noxious substances

CR2 (59 decks)

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