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CR2 > Applied anatomy of the heart > Flashcards

Applied anatomy of the heart Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What are 4 different branches of innervation to the heart? [3]
  2. What are the vertebral levels for the above? [1]
A
  1. VN
  2. Sympathetic nerves: T1-T5
  3. General visceral afferent nerves: T1-T5
  4. Somatic afferents: T1-T5
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2
Q

Why is cardiac pain experienced in somatic region and not near the organ? [1]

A

The brain is unable to distinguish between visceral and somatic sensation [1]

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3
Q

What is this an image of? [1]

Circumflex artery
LAD
Marginal branch
Posterior interventricular artery
Right coronary artery

A

]What is this an image of? [1]

Circumflex artery
LAD
Marginal branch
Posterior interventricular artery
Right coronary artery

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4
Q

The RCA usually supplies which two componenets of the cardiac conduction system? [2]

Which arteries supply the bundle branches? [1]

A

The RCA usually supplies which two componenets of the cardiac conduction system? [2]
SAN [1]
AVN [1]

Which arteries supply the bundle branches?
Interventricular arteries

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5
Q

What does the term ‘left / right dominant heart’ refer to? [1]
Which is more common? [1]
What is the significance of left dominant heart? [1]

A

What does the term ‘left / right dominant heart’ refer to? [1]
If posterior descending artery comes from RCA or LCA

Which is more common? [1]
Right dominant heart = ~ 70% cases

What is the significance of left dominant heart? [1]
Left dominant heart means that the entire interventricular septum arises from the LCA

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6
Q

Is this heart right dominated or left dominated? [1]

A

right dominated

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7
Q

Explain what bundle branch block is [1]

Which part of ECG can see bundle branch block occur in? [1]

A

Explain what bundle branch block is [1]
Disruption to the electrical signal that causes your heart to beat [0.5]
Causes altered pathways for depolarisation [0.5]

Which part of ECG can see bundle branch block occur in? [1]
Prolongs QRS

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8
Q

Which artery is commonly used for coronary artery bypass? [1]

A

internal thoracic artery [1]

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9
Q

Which views of the heart are seen by each type of ECG lead on a standard 12-lead ECG? [4]

A
  • *S**eptal: V1, V2
  • *A**nterior: V3, V4
  • *L**ateral: V5, V6, AVL, I
  • *I**nferior: II, III, AVF

AVR: neutral

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10
Q

Which areas of the myocardium match up with each of the coronary arteries? [4]

A

Left co

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11
Q

Label A-D

A

A: Pulmonary
B: Aortic
C: Tricuspid
D: Mitral

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12
Q 
# Define stenosis [1]
Define regurgitation [1]
A
  • *Stenosis:** heart valves do not open properly
  • *Regurgiation:** heart valves do not close properly
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13
Q

What are the characteristics of aortic stenosis?
What are the characteristics of aortic regurgitation?

A

Aortic stenosis:

  • Turbulence as blood has to be pushed through stenotic aortic valve
  • Systolic (typically mid-systolic)
  • Heart at right second IC space

Aortic Regurgitation​:

  • Sound can be complex and often absent
  • Decreased cardiac output due to regurgitation
  • Elevates pre-load and afterload
  • LVH – typically very dilated
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14
Q

Describe the characteristics of mitral stenosis
Describe the characteristics of mitral regurgitation

A

Mitral stenosis:

  • Rarely produces a soft rumbling diastolic murmur
  • Mainly rheumatic in origin

Mitral Regurgitation:

  • Heard at Apex
  • Mitral Valve closed all the way through systole
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15
Q

Define preload and afterload [1]

A

Preload: Volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole
Afterload: Resistance ventricle must overcome to circulate blood

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16
Q

What is concentric hypertrophy characterised by visually? [1]

How does concentric hypertrophy occur? [1]

When does concentric hypertrophy occur? [2]

What does concentric hypertrophy cause to happen and why? [1]

A

What is concentric hypertrophy characterised by visually? [1]
- Increased wall thickness / reduced lumen of ventricle

How does concentric hypertrophy occur? [1]
- New sarcomeres produced

When does concentric hypertrophy occur? [1]

  • Aortic stenosis
  • Chronic hypertension

What does concentric hypertrophy cause to happen and why? [1]
- Decreases pre-load due to reduction in compliance (stiff)

17
Q

Eccentric hypertrophy:

  • Caused by? [4]
  • Characterised by? [2]
A

Eccentric hypertrophy:

Caused by? [1]

  • Aortic and mitral regurgitation
  • Systolic dysfunction (loss of cardiac inotrophy
  • -Volume overload (hypervolaemia due to ventricular or renal failure)
  • Alcohol / cocaine

Characterised by? [2]
- Chamber dilation - lumen gets bigger, wall gets smaller: cant contract properly

​

18
Q

What causes atrial englargement? [1]

What can increased atria size lead to? [1]

A

What causes atrial englargement? [1]
Persistant change in atrial structure

What can increased atria size lead to? [1]
Atrial fibrillation (ectopic firing) - absecence of P waves

19
Q

Which is characterised by the following?

Mitral stenosis
Mitral regurgitation
Aortic stenosis
Aortic regurgitation

A

Which is characterised by the following?

Mitral stenosis
Mitral regurgitation
Aortic stenosis
Aortic regurgitation

20
Q

Which is characterised by the following?

Mitral stenosis
Mitral regurgitation
Aortic stenosis
Aortic regurgitation

A

Which is characterised by the following?

Mitral stenosis
Mitral regurgitation
Aortic stenosis
Aortic regurgitation

21
Q

Which is characterised by the following?

Mitral stenosis
Mitral regurgitation
Aortic stenosis
Aortic regurgitation

A

Which is characterised by the following?

Mitral stenosis
Mitral regurgitation
Aortic stenosis
Aortic regurgitation

22
Q

Which is characterised by the following?

Mitral stenosis
Mitral regurgitation
Aortic stenosis
Aortic regurgitation

A

Which is characterised by the following?

Mitral stenosis
Mitral regurgitation
Aortic stenosis
Aortic regurgitation

CR2 (59 decks)

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