Blood (Haem) Microanatomy Flashcards
- which cell types are granulocytes and agranulocytes? [4]
- which do the above cell types of fight agaisnt? [3]
1. which cell types are granulocytes and agranulocytes? [4]
i) granulocytes: Basophiles Eosinophil Neutrophils (BEN)
ii) aganulocyes: Lymphocytes
Basophiles: allergies / parasites
Eosinophil: allergies / parasites
Neutrophils: acute bacterial infection
Lymphocytes: chronic inflammation / immune response
- B cells turn into Plasma cells: produce antibodies
- T cells turn into CD4 (helper) CD8 (cytotoxic)
In pathological states you biopsy and examine which areas to investigate blood develoepment? [3]
In pathological states therefore you biopsy and examine which areas to investigate blood develoepment? [3]
- Bone marrow (bone marrow trephine biopsy and aspirate)
- Blood (blood film)
- Tissue biopsies (Lymph node, skin, Thymus, Spleen, Liver, other organs)
What are hypochromic and hyperchromic erythrocytes? [2]
What are hypochromic and hyperchromic erythrocytes? [2]
- More Hb = more pink / red colour
- If have increased Hb levels they become hyperchromic –> too much Hb
- If have decreased Hb levels they become hypochromic –> too much Hb
How would you test and what would be an indication of acute infection? [1]
Difference between leukaemia and lymphomas? [2]
How would you test and what would be an indication of acute infection? [1]
Undergo a complete blood count and identify that there are increased neutrophil levels
that have left the circulation and migrate to the site of action
Difference between leukaemia and lymphomas? [2]
- leukaemia: cancerous cells circulating the blood
- lymphomas: cancerous cells within the tissue
Describe the process of migration of neutrophils through
Process of migration:
- chemokines picked up by receptors on the neutrophils
– causes intercellular signals to get more & more neutrophils
- cause selectins (which are present on endothelial cells) and attach – endo. cells open and and squeeze through to allow enter area of inflammation
Which cell type are the most common leukocytes in blood?
Lymphocytes
Megakarocytes
Basophils
Eoisonphils
Neutrophils
Which cell type are the most common leukocytes in blood?
Lymphocytes
Megakarocytes
Basophils
Eoisonphils
Neutrophils
Which of the following is examined on glass slides under microscope?
Bone marrow
Tissue biopsies
Blood (blood film)
Blood for haematological/biochemical analysis
Which of the following is examined on glass slides under microscope?
Bone marrow
Tissue biopsies
Blood (blood film)
Blood for haematological/biochemical analysis
FOR HAEMATOLOGY (Blood disorders) the investigations include WHAT? [2]
FOR HAEMATOLOGY (Blood disorders) the investigations include:
Complete blood counts (CBC) or Differential blood counts to measure absolute and relative numbers of blood cells (along with morphology of cells – if required - using a drop of blood spread on a glass slide which is called a ‘blood film’ or more accurately a peripheral blood smear).
Iron, Ferritin and Tranferrin levels, B12 and Folic acid levels: used to make Hb - can indicate anaemias
Difference between chronic and acute myeloid leukemia? [2]
Chronic myeloid leukemia: see lots of mature neutrophils
Acute myeloid leukemia: see lots of immature neutrophils
What is polycythaemia? [1]
What is aplastic anemia? [1]
What is pure red cell aplasia? [1]
What is thalessemia? [1]
What is polycythaemia? [1]
high concentration of red blood cells in your blood. This makes the blood thicker and less able to travel through blood vessels and organs. Many of the symptoms of polycythaemia are caused by this sluggish flow of blood.
What is aplastic anemia? [1]
is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce blood cells.
What is pure red cell aplasia? [1]
Inability of the bone marrow to produce only red blood cells.
What is thalessemia? [1]
Thalassemia: genetic disease that results in the production of an abnormal ratio of hemoglobin subunits.
what does poikilocytosis mean? [1]
what does aniscytosis mean? [1]
what does poikilocytosis mean? [1]
abnormal variation in shape
what does aniscytosis mean? [1]
abnormal variation in size
What would you expect to see for the following with anaemia?
What are the two methods for classifying leukemia? [2]
What are the two methods for classifying leukemia? [2]
- Acute: abnormal cells are immature - multiply rapidly and disease worsens quickly. Commonly children
- Chronic: abnormal cells are mature - can normally function for a while so can be undiagnosed for years. Mostly adults
- Lymphocytic: Lymphoid cells affected. These make up immune system
- Myelogenous: Affects myloid cells (bone), including rbc and wbc and platelet producing cells
In which populations are the following most likely in?
- Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).
- Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML).
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). .
- Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).
•Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Most common type of leukemia in young children. ALL can also occur in adults.
•Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML): Most common type in adults (common for children as well).
•Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Most common chronic adult leukemia, you may feel well for years without needing treatment.
•Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Mainly affects adults, may have few or no symptoms for months or years before entering a phase in which the leukemia cells grow more quickly.
How would you identify acute lymphoblastic leukemia? (ALL):
From periphereal smear?
From bone marrow?
•Peripheral smear: significant number of purple-stained lymphoblasts in the bloodstream, with poorly defined cell boundaries. Appearance varies widely from patient to patient (normal-looking lymphoblasts, or lymphoblasts with unusual nucleus/cytoplasm ratios, or “fuzzy” cell borders.
•Bone marrow: lymphoblasts and undeveloped lymphocytes dominate at unusually high concentrations. Lymphoblasts, are lymphocytes that have enlarged to fight off antigens, however, malignant lymphoblasts reproduce uncontrollably, even in the absence of antigens.
How would you ID acute myeloid leukemia? (AML)
- A heterogeneous population of myeloblasts with cells ranging from small to medium-sized to large. Note presence of a few maturing myeloid elements.
- Large myeloblasts with prominent nucleoli. Maturing myeloid elements i.e. neutrophils or eosinophils.
How would you ID chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) from PBS and BMS?
- PBS: Mature-appearing lymphocytes with high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios, with scant agranular cytoplasm and homogeneously condensed chromatin without nucleoli. Characteristic “soccer ball’ chromatin pattern. Numerous smudge cells
- BMS: tissue is displaced by nodular and interstitial aggregates of clonal B cells.
How would you ID chronic myeloid leukemia (CLL) from PBS and BMS?
PBS: > 100K white blood cells with neutrophilia, significant increase in metamyelocytes and myelocytes, also basophilia and eosinophilia
BMS: increased granulocyte precursors, basophils, eosinophils and occasionally monocytes
Normal erythroid compartment, variable pseudo Gaucher cells and sea blue histiocytes, increased reticulin fibres
