CR Revision 9 Flashcards
Wheezing is associated with pathology in which part of the respiratory system? [1]
Which diesease associated with? [2]
Upper airways
COPD (long term) & Asthma (intermittant wheezing)
What type of drug would be in a inhaler to initially reduce inflammatory response in asthma? [1]
Steroids inhaler: reduce inflammatory response
Why does a the lung look like this with uncontrolled asthma? [3]
Goblet cells causes secretion of too much mucous: plugs the airways. Causes collapse of alveoli: atelectasis
Eosinophil accumulation is triggered by chemotactic factors released from which cells in asthmatics? [2]
Eosinophil accumulation is triggered by which IL in asthmatics? [1]
Eosinophils are attracted by chemotactic factors released by mast cells and by the chemokine eotaxin, produced by bronchial epithelial cells.
Eosinophil accumulation is also favored by IL-5, a T-cell derived cytokine.
What role do eosinophils play in causing tissue damage?
The major basic protein of eosinophils causes epithelial damage and shedding.
Explain changes in cell types due to smoking xx [3]
- loss pseudostratified epitheluim, with transition into a fully squamous epithelium and expression of early markers of carcinogenesis.
- change to squamous = metaplastic change (reversible)
- change to squamous that is irreversible = dysplastic
Based on the quadrant diagram shown, which region would you expect the mean electrical axis to deviate towards in a patient with left ventricular hypertrophy?
A
B
C
D
Based on the quadrant diagram shown, which region would you expect the mean electrical axis to deviate towards in a patient with left ventricular hypertrophy?
A
B
C
D
Left ventricular hypertrophy results in a thickening of the cardiac muscle. The increase in mass increases the magnitude of the depolarisation wave on the left side of the heart. This causes the left axis deviation.
Based on the quadrant diagram shown, which region would you expect the mean electrical axis to deviate towards in a patient with normal heart?
A
B
C
D
Based on the quadrant diagram shown, which region would you expect the mean electrical axis to deviate towards in a patient with normal heart?
A : normal heart axis = -30 to 90 degrees
B
C
D
Based on the quadrant diagram shown, which region would you expect the mean electrical axis to deviate towards in a patient with right ventricular hypertrophy?
A
B
C
D
Based on the quadrant diagram shown, which region would you expect the mean electrical axis to deviate towards in a patient with right ventricular hypertrophy?
A
B
C
D = 90 to 180 degrees
Based on the quadrant diagram shown, which region would you expect the mean electrical axis to deviate towards in a patient with extreme axis deviation?
A
B
C
D
Based on the quadrant diagram shown, which region would you expect the mean electrical axis to deviate towards in a patient with extreme axis deviation?
A
B
C
D
If found a Q wave is found in an ECG, which leads would indicate that it is pathological? [1]
Pathological: V1-V3
Pathological Q waves usually indicate current or prior myocardial infarction.
Absent Q waves in V5-6 is most commonly due to:
LBBB
Mobitz type 1 AV block
RBBB
Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW)
Mobitz type 2 AV block
Absent Q waves in V5-6 is most commonly due to:
LBBB
Mobitz type 1 AV block
RBBB
Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW)
Mobitz type 2 AV block
Name this sign [1]
Xanthelesma
Name this sign [1]
arcus lipoides - sign of high cholesterol in young people; normal in older
What is the axis deviation of a healthy heart? [1]
Right axis deviation ranges between which degrees? [1]
Left axis deviation ranges between which degrees? [1]
Normal: -30° and +90º
Right axis deviation: +90º and +180º
Left axis deviation: -30° and -90°.
Which lead would you expect to see the biggest negative deflection in a healthy heart?
avL
avF
avR
Lead I
Lead II
Which lead would you expect to see the biggest negative deflection in a healthy heart?
avL
avF
avR
Lead I
Lead II
This is due to aVR looking at the heart in the opposite direction.
Describe the changes in ECG leads seen cardiac in right axis deviation [2]
Deflection in lead I to become negative
Deflection in lead aVF/III to be more positive.
Describe the changes in ECG leads seen cardiac in left axis deviation [2]
Deflection of lead III becoming negative (this is only considered significant if the deflection of lead II also becomes negative).
