Applied anatomy of the larynx Flashcards
All paranasal sinuses drain into nasal cavity via openings called ‘[]’
All paranasal sinuses drain into nasal cavity via openings called ‘ostia’
Label the nerves that supply general sensation and tase in the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue [2]
A: Lingual nerve - mandibular nerve (CN V3)
B: Chorda tympani: Facial Nerve (CNVII)
Which nerve provides general sensation and tase to the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue? [1]
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
what are the nasal conchae?
aka?
covered in ?
function?
- *nasal conchae:**
- *-** curved folds of bone
- aka nasal turbinates
- covered in ciliated resp. epithelium (aka pseudostratified columnar)
- curve in medially and laterally
- function: rapid warming and humidification of air as it passes to the lungs.
- The superior and middle nasal conchae & inferior nasal conchae are made from which bone?
- why does your nose run when you cry?
Superior and middle nasal conchae are from the ethmoid bone
The inferior nasal conchae is its own bone
nose runs when you cry:
- nasolacrimal duct (the tear duct) drains into the inferior meatus,
- Tear duct from our eye empties next to our inferior conchae, so drainage of this naso-lacrimal duct is what makes the nose run*
which bone is the cribiform plate in?
cribiform plate in the ethmoid bone
what are the paranasal sinuses?
how many are there / what are they called?
what is their function (3) ?
paranasal sinuses: air filled spaces within the facial skeleton, continous with nasal cavity
4 paired sinuses: frontal, ethmoid, sphenoidal and maxillary
- *funtion:**
- *-** humidify air
- reduce weight of skull
- lined with resp. pseudostratified columnar epitheloium with cilia: immunological defence
what connects the middle ear to the nasopharnyx?
what is the role of ^? (2)
eustachain tube
function:
- equalises pressure
- drains mucous from middle ear
also infection can spread between middle ear and nasopharynx
what is the name for blockage of the eustachian tube ?
what does this cause?
who is it more common in?
otitis media - causes build up of mucous / fluid. can be due to inflammation or infection
common in younger children (ET is more horizontal so gets blocked easier)
what are the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx innervated by?
nasopharynx: CN V2
oropharynx: CN IX
laryngopharynx: CN X
how many cartilages are there in the larynx?
which are the paired (3)
which are the unpaired? (3)
- 9 cartilages
- three unpaired cartilages: epiglottis, thyroid and cricoid cartilage
- three paired cartilages: arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform
which part of larynx is the adams apple?
which part of larynx is the only complete ring of cartilage?
thyroid cartilage = adams apple
complete ring of cartilage: cricoid cartilage (signet ring)
what happens to the epiglottis when you swallow?
larynx moves up, towards base of tongue and hyoid bone: makes the epiglottis close over the laryngeal inlet to prevent aspiration into trachea
which ligament connect the hyoid bone and thyroid? - what is this covered by?
which ligament connects the cricoid and thyroid cartilage?
where does ithe internal laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal artery enter larnyx?
Hyoid bone and thyroid are joined by thyrohyoid ligament, covered by a thyrohyoid membrane.
Internal laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal artery come through this ligament/membrane
Between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages: Crico-thyroid ligament
- The trickiest is the omohyoid (as it is not named according to a location) yet it is key to remember it has two bellies like the digastric. It is a long muscle with a white tendon in the middle
- Sterno-hyoid muscle goes all the way from the sternum to the hyoid
- Sterno-thyroid goes from the sternum from the sternum to the thyroid
- Thyro-hyoid goes from the thyroid to the hyoid
Sterno-hyoid goes the whole length, sterno-thyroid is halfway up and thyro-hyoid above it.
which muscle is this?
omohyoid
Vestibular Folds – Mucous membranes encasing vestibular ligaments. Protective function.
Rima Vestibuli – Space between vestibular ligaments
Vocal Folds (Vocal Cords) – Mucous membranes encasing vocal ligaments
Rima Glottidis - Space between vocal ligaments
Glottis – Vocal apparatus of larynx including vocal folds, ligaments and Rima Glottidis
what happens to the rima glottis during:
- normal respiration?
- forced respiration?
- phonation?
- normal respiration: narrow wedge shape
- forced respiration: wide triangle shape
- phonation: the vocal cords close and the glottis is slit-like, if apparent at all
- whispering: achieved by leaving part of the rima glottidis open throughout the production of the sound.
which nerve controls most of the muscles of larynx? - which muscle does it not innervate?
most motor to muscles controlled by the recurrent laryngeal nerve - PHONATION
sensory innervation to area below vocal cords
doesnt innervate motor control for cricothyroid (comes from superior laryngeal nerve)
Name the 3 unpaired cartilages
Name the 1 paired cartilage you need to know
Unpaired:
- Thyroid cartilage
- Epiglottis
- Cricoid cartilage
Paired:
- Artyenoid cartilages
The vocal cords attach anteriorly to which cartilage?
Cricoid cartilage
Cuneiform cartilage
Epiglottis
Arytenoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
The vocal cords attach anteriorly to which cartilage?
Cricoid cartilage
Cuneiform cartilage
Epiglottis
Arytenoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
The vocal cords attach anteriorly to which of the following?
Cricoid cartilage
Cuneiform cartilage
Epiglottis
Arytenoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
The vocal cords attach anteriorly to which of the following?
Cricoid cartilage
Cuneiform cartilage
Epiglottis
Arytenoid cartilages
Thyroid cartilage
The vocal cords attach anteriorly to which of the following?
Cricoid cartilage
Cuneiform cartilage
Epiglottis
Arytenoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
The vocal cords attach anteriorly to which of the following?
Cricoid cartilage
Cuneiform cartilage
Epiglottis
Arytenoid cartilages
Thyroid cartilage
Label A-D
What are the effects of superior, internal and external branch palsies? [A&B]
A: reduced gag reflex
B: reduced range of pitch
