Anatomy 1: Flashcards
What level does the trans-thoracic plane lie?
T2/3
T3/4
T4/5
T5/6
What level does the trans-thoracic plane lie?
T2/3
T3/4
T4/5
T5/6
How many regions can the mediastinum be divided into? [1]
4
Label 1-6
1: right subclavian vein
2: right internal jugular vein
3: right brachiocephalic vein
4: brachiocephalic trunk
5: left vagus nerve
6: left phrenic nerve
Which of the following is the vagus nerve?
1
2
3
4
5
Which of the following is the vagus nerve?
1
2
3
4
5
Central lines (also known as a central venous catheter) are catheters that can be place in a large vein to give medication or fluids or to collect blood for medical tests.
Given your anatomical knowledge which veins do you think are used for central lines?
Acceptable responses: Internal jugular vein, Internal jugular, Subclavian, Subclavian vein, Femoral, Femoral vein
Of the structures in the mediastinum, compression of which of the following structures is most critical?
Trachea
Oesphagus
VN
Brachiocephalic vein
Of the structures in the mediastinum, compression of which of the following structures is most critical?
Trachea
Oesphagus
VN
Brachiocephalic vein
Which leads have ST elevation in this ECG? [3]
II, III, aVF
Which coronary artery is most likely to have been affected by occlusion here?
Circumflex artery?
LAD
LCA
RCA
Which coronary artery is most likely to have been affected by occlusion here?
Circumflex artery?
LAD
LCA
RCA
What is the most common cause of heart failure?
Cardiomyopathy
Hypertension
Ischaemic Heart Disease
What is the most common cause of heart failure?
Cardiomyopathy
Hypertension
Ischaemic Heart Disease
Left-sided heart failure results in blood backing up into the lungs, what condition can this lead to? [1]
Acceptable responses: oedema, pulmonary oedema, pulmonay edema, edema
What happens as a result of right sided heart failure? [1]
As the blood drains into the right side of the heart from the systemic circulation, the blood therefore backs up into the rest of the body altering the pressure
Aortic stenosis (narrowing of the aortic valve) would most likely lead to concentric hypertrophy of which chamber of the heart?
Left atria
Right atria
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Aortic stenosis (narrowing of the aortic valve) would most likely lead to concentric hypertrophy of which chamber of the heart?
Left atria
Right atria
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Which of the following conditions would cause eccentric hypertrophy [2]
Renal failure
Aortic stenosis
Aortic regurgitation
Increased BP
Which of the following conditions would cause eccentric hypertrophy [2]
Renal failure
Aortic stenosis
Aortic regurgitation
Increased BP
*Eccentric hypertrophy is caused by volume overload, so could be caused by renal failure (which increases blood volume). It could also be caused by valve regurgitation.
Aortic stenosis usually results in initial concentric hypertrophy, but this in itself can then leads to eccentric hypertrophy.*
What is the cause of this alveolar shadowing?
Shadowing around hilar region: fluid leak from interstitial tissues into alveolar and smaller air spaces
What is shown here?
Kerley B Lines
These are thin lines, often of no more than a couple of centimetres often found towards the base and peripheral regions of the lung where the interstitial has thickened. They lie at 90o to the pleura. On the image, some of these lines are present towards the base of the right lung.
What is shown here? [1]
Cardiomegaly
On this image, we are helpfully provided with the width of the heart (18.09cm) and the thorax (32.86cm). The cardiothoracic ratio is therefore 55% and is greater than 50%. This is therefore suggestive of cardiomegaly.
What condition is shown here?
Upper Lobe Blood Diversion
Due to the increased pressures, blood is pushed upwards creating a ‘stag antler’ appearance. Blood is diverted as fluid is more likely to build up lower down due to gravity and cause relative hypoxia and vasoconstriction, thus the blood is diverted to the upper zones.
In the midline of this film, we can also see several sternal sutures.
which condition is depicted here?
Pleural effusion
One of the easiest places to identify effusions is in the costophrenic angles/recesses. We can see on the patients left hand side that there is a meniscus/fluid level which indicates a pleural effusion.
On the left hand side, around the axillary region we can also see an implanted cardiac device, as well as sternotomy sutures - these both strongly indicate that the patient has heart disease placing them at higher risk of developing cardiac failure.
Where does fluid accumulate in pleural effusions? [1]
Acceptable responses: Pleural space
Where does fluid accumulate in pulmonary oedema? [1]
Acceptable responses: Alveoli, Alveolar sacs
What is the most common site for atherosclerotic plaque build up? [1]
Which area is most common for coronary artery athersclerotic plaque build up? [1]
Acceptable responses: Bifurcations, Bifurcation points, Points of bifurcation, Bifurcation
the anterior interventricular/left anterior descending branch being most commonly affected.
Label 1-3
1: LCA
2: LAD
3: Left circumflex
What is the name given to the procedure where a balloon is inflated to open a blockage in the coronary arteries? [1]
Acceptable responses: Angioplasty, Coronary angioplasty
Define the term aneurysm [1]
Where do aortic aneurysms most commonly occur? [1]
An aneurysm is a dilatation of a vessel greater than 1.5 times its usual width.
Aneurysms usually occur just above the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta.
Name two ways that heart valves can become pathological [2]
Narrowing (stenosis) and valvular incompetence (regurgitation) and the heart ceases to function as an efficient pump.
Label 1-4
1: Pulmonary valve
2: Mitral valve
3: Aortic valve
4: Tricuspid valve
Which valves close during S1?
Which valves close during S2?
Where do each of the following correspond to on an ECG?
S1: closure of mitral and tricuspid valves: QRS
S2: close of aortic and pulmonary valves: After T wave
The heart initially develops from which layer of the embryo?
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
The heart initially develops from which layer of the embryo?
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
In foetal circulation, oxygenated blood bypasses the liver by travelling through which structure into the vena cava? [1]
Blood leaving the pulmonary trunk can again bypass the lungs by passing through the which structure into the aorta? [1]
In foetal circulation, oxygenated blood bypasses the liver by travelling through which structure into the vena cava? [1]
Ductus venosus
Blood leaving the pulmonary trunk can again bypass the lungs by passing through the which structure into the aorta? [1]
ductus arteriosus
At what time does ductus arteriosus normally close?
Seconds after birth
1-3 days after birth
2 weeks after birth
6 months after birth
At what time does ductus arteriosus normally close?
Seconds after birth
1-3 days after birth
2 weeks after birth
6 months after birth
An 18 year-old pregnant patient has her 19 week ultrasound. A defect in the foetal heart is picked up.
The foetal heart is shown in the image. On the right is the Doppler image showing blood flow.
Based on your knowledge of congenital heart defects, which defect do you think the doppler image is demonstrating?
Transposition of the great vessels
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
Coarctation of the aorta
An 18 year-old pregnant patient has her 19 week ultrasound. A defect in the foetal heart is picked up.
The foetal heart is shown in the image. On the right is the Doppler image showing blood flow.
Based on your knowledge of congenital heart defects, which defect do you think the doppler image is demonstrating?
Transposition of the great vessels
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
Coarctation of the aorta
This image here shows the ventricles of the heart, and the mixing of blood between the ventricles indicates a ventricular septal defect (VSD)
A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is most commonly a failure of which component of the septum development?
Membranous
Muscular
A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is most commonly a failure of which component of the septum development?
Membranous
Muscular
