Haem/CVS Microanatomy Flashcards
When conducting a blood test, which substance is elevated if you have infarct / damage to myocytes? [1]
Troponin
How does fat building up in intima cause complicated atheromas?
If fat / atheroma builds up in intima –> causes blood to create microtrauma on the endothelium –> causes clots on the endothelium –> complicated atheromas
What are the 3 layers of cardiac tissue called? [3]
Endocardium (endothelial layer)
Myocardium (muscle)
Epicarcium (Connective tissue and single layer of cells)
Label A-C
A: endocardium
B: myocardium
C: epicardium
Identify the blood vessel
arteriole venule large vein medium artery medium vein
Identify the blood vessel
arteriole venule large vein medium artery **medium vein**
what makes cardiac and skeletal muscle striated? [1]
cardiac and skeletal muscle are arranged in myofibrils
what type of muscle cell is this?
cardiac
smooth
skeletal
what type of muscle cell is this?
cardiac
smooth
skeletal
what type of cell junctions do u find in intercalated disc? [3]
fascia adherens
desmosomes
gap junctions
label A-C
what is PM?
A: epicardium
B: myocardium
C: endocardium
PM:
papillary muscles
which part of the heart is this?
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
which part of the heart is this?
epicardium
myocardium
**endocardium: has a surface layer of flattened endothelial cells.
(p = purkinje fibres)**
where are the purkinje fibres located in the heart? [1]
immediately under the endocardium, before penetrating the myocardium
what is A? [1]
purkinje fibres
how do purkinje fibres connect other purkinje fibre cells? [1]
no T tubule or intercalated discs! - instead have desmosomes & gap junctions
what do you find eitherside of the tunica media in muscular arteries? [2]
internal elastic lamina
tunica media
external elastic lamina
label A-C
A: tunica adventitia
B: tunica media
C: endothelial cell
blood flow within the capillary bed is controlled by WHAT? [1]
blood flow within the capillary bed is controlled by arterioles [1] and precapillary sphincters
Label A-C [3]
Heart valves:
A: Fibrosa
B: Spongiosum
C: Ventricularis
Why is splachnic system low pressure? [1]
Splachnic system: liver [0.5]
Where exchange of metabolites (drugs etc) occurs [0.5] so absorbtion can occur
How do you distinguish between vein and artery with regards to elastic lamina? [1]
Arteries: internal and external elastic lamina – fine black lines in the wall
Vein: one layer on elastic lamina - internal
Name three places that you find specialised vascular structures [3]
1. Glomerulus
2. Placenta
3. Arachnoid granulations
Label A-C [3]
A: medium sized veins
B: Medium sized artery
C: small vein
Which of the following is C
Internal elastic lamina
Endothelium
Myocardium
External elastic lamina
Epicardium
Intima
Which of the following is C
Internal elastic lamina
Endothelium
Myocardium
External elastic lamina
Epicardium
Intima
Which of the following is E
Internal elastic lamina
Endothelium
Media
External elastic lamina
Adventitia
Intima
Which of the following is E
Internal elastic lamina
Endothelium
Media
External elastic lamina
Adventitia
Intima
Which of the following is A
Internal elastic lamina
Endothelium
Media
External elastic lamina
Adventitia
Intima
Which of the following is A
Internal elastic lamina
Endothelium
Media
External elastic lamina
Adventitia
Intima
Which of the following is B
Internal elastic lamina
Endothelium
Media
External elastic lamina
Adventitia
Intima
Which of the following is A
Internal elastic lamina
Endothelium
Media
External elastic lamina
Adventitia
Intima
Which of the following is D
Internal elastic lamina
Endothelium
Media
External elastic lamina
Adventitia
Intima
Which of the following is D
Internal elastic lamina
Endothelium
Media
External elastic lamina
Adventitia
Intima
Which of the following is F
Internal elastic lamina
Endothelium
Media
External elastic lamina
Adventitia
Intima
Which of the following is F
Internal elastic lamina
Endothelium
Media
External elastic lamina
Adventitia
Intima
Name 5 reasons may have CVS pathology
Inflammation
Heart – myocarditis – inflammation of myocardium (viral – lymphocytic, rheumatoid – streptococcal infection, shows aschoff nodules),
Vessels – vasculitis – variety of causes but you see either acute necrotizing inflammation (leukocytoclastic vasculitis) or granulomatous inflammation (temporal arteritis, churg strauss syndrome) etc.) or endothelial swelling and lymphocytes/neutrophils in the vessel wall.
Infection
Viral – myocarditis
Bacterial – Endocarditis – inflammation of cardiac valves vasculitis etc.
Autoimmune: Myocarditis, vasculitis
Congenital: Structural disorders of heart or vessel structure
Multifactorial: Atherosclerosis and myocardial ischaemia/infarction.
Fibrolipid plaque. They contain lots of macrophages which have ingested lipids and have a fatty lipid core (foam cells). They can often rupture leading to lipid spilling out into the fibrolipid plaque core.
What are the 3 main constituents of an atheromatous plaque? [3]
- Lipids (intracellular & extracellular)
- Connective tissue - collagen & fibrin
- Cells - macrophages & smooth muscle
This is a cross section through an aorta. Note the complicated atheromatous plaque on the left side of the image. Please label the picture (a) to (c).
A = thickened arterial wall.
B = intraluminal haemorrhage.
C = ulceration.
This is a magnification of a fibrolipid plaque. Note the lumen in the top left corner. Label the picture A-C. Note A is part of the normal arterial wall.
A = adventitia. B = lipid core. C = fibrous cap.
