Health 1 Flashcards
How do we account for variability in behaviours/health?
Individual differences
Cognitions represent our…
Beliefs/attitudes
Are cognitions intrinsic or extrinsic?
Intrinsic
Cognitions are a target for..
Interventions to change behaviour
Cognitions can explain activities that promote ________ and …..
Health
Prevent disease
__________ can explain activities that promote health and prevent disease
Cognitions
What do social cognition models describe?
Key cognitions & their interrelations in regulation of health and behaviour
What do social cognition models predict
WHO performs health behaviours
What do social cognition models target
Cognitive targets for intervention
What do health cognitions differentiate between
people who do and do not perform health behaviours
Continuum theories posit…
People likely to perform a behaviour based on a position on a continuum
A Likert scale is an example of
A continuum
What are two examples of Continuum theories
Health Belief Model & Theory of Planned Behaviour
Stage models posit…
People move through ‘stages’ towards behaviour
Example of a stage model
Transtheoretical model
The Health Belief Model believes individual representation of health behaviour (in relation to illness threat) can be divided into…
1) Perceptions of illness threat
2) Evaluations of behaviour to counteract the threat (benefit and costs of alternative actions)
3) Cues to action
(Health Belief Model)
External/internal cues involve…
Symptoms
Media campaigns
Difference between Motivational and Volitional stages of behaviour change?
Motivation - decisional/planning stage
Volitional - practical stage; changes being made
Health Action Processes Approach (Schwarzer)
2 behaviour change stages
Motivational
Volitional
Health Action Processes Approach (Schwarzer)
Motivational stage consists of (4)
Outcome expectancies
Risk perceptions
Perceived self-efficacy
Goal intentions
Health Action Processes Approach (Schwarzer)
Volitional stage consists of (4)
Action plans
Action control
Health action
Barriers and resources
Motivational and Volitional behaviour stages are components of…
The Health Action Processes Approach
Quinn et al., 2001
Safety Helmets study
What was the CONCLUSION
Greater INTENTION = more likely to use helmets
Quinn et al., 2001
Safety Helmets study
What were the control and intervention groups?
Control = general helmet messages
Intervention = persuasive messages influencing beliefs
Quinn et al., 2001
Safety Helmets study
Were intentions more positive in the control or experimental group?
Intervention group
Quinn et al., 2001
Safety Helmets study
What theory was the study based on?
The theory of planned behaviour
Who conducted the Safety Helmets study and what theory was it based on?
Quinn et al
Theory of planned behaviour
Harman’s review of TPB health behaviour intentions revealed that…
TPB interventions only had small-medium effects on intention + behaviour
What did Hardman et al., (2002) identify as the three limitations of TPB health behaviour studies?
1) Lack of initial TPB studies
2) How can cognitions be changed
3) Lack of assessment effects on TPB cognitions
According to Webb and Sheeran (2006), does changing intention produce a change in behaviour?
M/L change in intention produced S/M change in behaviour
Webb & Sheeran (2006) revealed that a M/L change in intention only produces a S/M change in behaviour. What is this?
Intention-behaviour gap
Research (Sheeran) into the intention-behaviour gap looked at those who…
Intend to do a behaviour & whether they change it or not
Lots of people intend to change their behaviour, but not as many actually do it. What is this called?
Intention-behaviour gap
Sheeran (2002) identified FOUR types of people in his research into intention-behaviour gap
1) Inclined actor (intention + change)
2) Inclined abstainer (intention + no change)
3) Disinclined actor (no intention + change)
4) Disinclined abstainer (no intention + no change)
Inclined actor, inclined abstainer….
Disinclined actor, disinclined abstainer
Name one way of bridging the intention-behaviour gap
Implementation intention
What is IMPLEMENTATION INTENTION?
Specifying the when, where and how of what one will do
What is an example of an implementation intention? (x, y)
I intend to do X when situation Y is encountered
Breast self-examination study (Sheeran, 1997) - what was the method?
Women given either ‘intention’ instructions or ‘implementation intention instructions’ to check breasts
Breast self-examination study (Sheeran, 1997)
What were the results for the implementation intention instruction group?
100% actually carried out the behaviour
The relationship between the 7 features of a healthy lifestyle was so strong that they proposed…
Ppl > 75 who carried out all behaviours had health comparable to 30-40
The biopsychosocial model of health and illness holds the view that -
Health/illness results from the interaction of biological characteristics/psychological processes & social processes
______ approach to health explains illness in simple terms, and focuses on illness rather than good health
Biomedical approach
This approach does not consider the individual as responsible for their ill health
Biomedical
This approach to health considers all levels of explanation, from micro to macro level
Biopsychosocial
This approach to health does not consider illness the primary focus, rather the health/illness continuum
Biopsychosocial
Biopsychosocial approach to health posits that there is a __________, assuming that health and illness have many causes
Multi-factor model
How many tumours are due to unhealthy lifestyles and thus preventable?
43%
Health Inequalities
Younger, wealthier and better-educated people are more likely to engage in…
Health enhancing behaviours
E.g. good nutrition, exercise
Subjective norms are an individuals
Perception of the views of important others
