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246 S2 > H1 > Flashcards

H1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cognitions represent our

A

Beliefs/attitudes towards a health behaviour

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2
Q

Cognitions are modifiable

A

Determinants of behaviour

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3
Q

Cognitions are ____ determinants of behaviour

A

Modifiable

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4
Q

Cognitions give rise to

A

Social behaviour

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5
Q

Continuum theories

A

Peoples place on a continuum suggests how likely they are to perform a behaviour

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6
Q

2 Continuum Theories

A
  1. Health Belief Model

2. Theory of Planned Behaviour

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7
Q

“Individuals are more likely to follow a HB if they believe themselves to be susceptible, and that the benefits outweigh the costs”

A

Health Belief Model

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8
Q

Health Belief Model is an example of

A

A continuum

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9
Q

Health Belief Model

People are more likely to follow a HB if… (2)

A
  1. Believe they are susceptible

2. Benefits outweigh costs

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10
Q

Rosenstock (HBM)

Rather than a formal model, he

A

Listed variables found to predict behaviour

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11
Q

Becker et al., (1997) (HBM)

Demographic variables feed into (2)

A
  1. Perceived susceptibility

2. Perceived severity

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12
Q

Becker et al., (1997) (HBM)

Psychological characteristics feed into (2)

A
  1. Perceived benefits

2. Perceived barriers

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13
Q

Becker et al., (1997) (HBM)

4 things that overall influence BEHAVIOUR….

A
  1. Perception of illness threat
  2. Evaluations of behaviour
  3. Demographics/Psychology
  4. Cues to action/Health Motivation
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14
Q

Becker et al., (1997) (HBM)

Demographics, psychology, health motivation and cues to action all influence

A

Behaviour

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15
Q

Abraham et al., (1992) (HBM)

Found _____ support…

A

Weak

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16
Q

Abraham et al., (1992) (HBM + Condom Use)

Perceived susceptibility was ________ correlated with condom use

A

Negatively

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17
Q

Abraham et al., (1992) (HBM + Condom Use)

_______ was negatively correlated with condom use

A

Perceived susceptibility

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18
Q

Abraham et al., (1992) (HBM + Condom Use)

Perceived severity, condom effectiveness, attractiveness, health motivation etc were all…… with condom use

A

Weakly positively correlated

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19
Q

Abraham et al., (1992) (HBM + Condom Use)

Why did this study only find weak support for the HBM?

A
  1. PS negatively associated w condom use…

2. The rest only weakly positively correlated with condom use

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20
Q

The theory of planned behaviour proposes that BEHAVIOUR is determined by

A

Intentions

Perceptions of control over that behaviour

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21
Q

The TPB proposes that INTENTIONS are determined by (3)

A
  1. Attitudes
  2. Subjective norms
  3. PBC
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22
Q

(Abraham et al., 2008) (TPB)

According to Abraham, smokers are more likely to quit if

A

They form an intention

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23
Q

(Abraham et al., 2008) (TPB)

Smokers are more likely to quit if they have an intention to quit. An intention is more likely to be formed if they (3)

A
  1. Have positive attitude
  2. People who they value think they should quit
  3. They feel they have control
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24
Q

Armitage + Conner (2001) (Predictive value of TPB)

What was found to be the strongest predictor of BEHAVIOUR?

A

Intentions

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25
Q

Armitage + Conner (2001) (Predictive value of TPB)

What was found to be the strongest predictor of INTENTION?

A

Attitudes

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26
Q

Armitage + Conner (2001) (Predictive value of TPB)

Attitude + subjective norm predict ____ of the variance in ______

A

39%

Intention

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27
Q

Armitage + Conner (2001) (Predictive value of TPB)

Intention + PBC account for ___ of the variance in ________

A

24%

Behaviour

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28
Q

Armitage + Conner (2001) (Predictive value of TPB)

______ + ________ predict 39% of the variance in intention

A

Attitude

Subjective norm

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29
Q

McEachan (2011) (TPB)

Found that A/SN/PBC were all …..

A

Positively correlated with intention

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30
Q

McEachan (2011) (TPB)

What was positively correlated with BOTH intention and behaviour?

A

PBC

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31
Q

McEachan (2011) (TPB)

Intention was positively correlated

A

With behaviour

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32
Q

Weinstein (1998)

4 principles of Stage Theories

A
  1. Mutually exclusive stages
  2. Sequential
  3. Common barriers to change within a stage
  4. Different barriers to change across diff. stages
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33
Q

Example of a stage theory

A

Transtheoretical model

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34
Q

Procashka + Diclemente (1983) (TTM)

We progress through 5 discrete stages…

A
  1. Pre-contemplation
  2. Contemplation
  3. Preparation
  4. Action
  5. Maintenance
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35
Q
  1. Pre-contemplation
  2. Contemplation
  3. Preparation
  5. Maintenance
A

Action

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36
Q
  2. Contemplation
  3. Preparation
  4. Action
  5. Maintenance
A

Pre-contemplation

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37
Q
  1. Pre-contemplation
  2. Contemplation
  3. Preparation
  4. Action
    5.
A

Maintenance

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38
Q
  1. Pre-contemplation
  2. Contemplation
  3. Preparation
  4. Action
  5. Maintenance

The 5 stages of the ^

A

Transtheoretical model

39
Q
  1. Pre-contemplation
  2. Contemplation
  3. Preparation
  4. Action
  5. Maintenance

In which stage might you relapse in?

A

Maintenance

40
Q

Arden + Armitage (2008) (TTM)

Method:

A

Questionnaire predicting TTM in relation to condom use

41
Q

Arden + Armitage (2008) (Support for TTM)

Findings (3)

A
  1. Evidence for between stages (cross-sectional)
  2. Identified predictors of stage transition (i.e. stage of change)
  3. Implementation intentions = moved between stages compared to control
42
Q

Arden + Armitage (2008) (Support for TTM)

3 Strengths of the transtheoretical model

A
  1. Allows for relapse/forward progression
  2. Stresses the importance of maintenance
  3. Behaviour change is DYNAMIC not LINEAR
43
Q

Limitations of the TTM…

A
  1. Weak evidence
  2. Difficult to define/measure stages
  3. Stages may just be categorisation of a continuum
44
Q

Limitations of TTM

Distinctions are ….. and based on…..

A

Logically flawed

Arbitrary time periods

45
Q

Quinn (2001) applied which model to a study on safety helmets

A

TPB

46
Q

Quinn (2001) assessed the effectiveness of

A

A TPB intervention on persuading children to use helmets

47
Q

Quinn (2001)

Method:

A

Gave children booklet with persuasive messages

48
Q

Quinn (2001)

It was predicted that the persuasive booklet messages would…

A

Increase intention

49
Q

Quinn (2001)

Results

A

Positive intentions in intervention group

50
Q

Quinn (2001)

____ of children in the _______ wore a helmet at follow up

A

25%

Intervention group

51
Q

Hardeman (2002) conducted a review of the TPB and found…

A

Small to medium effects on intention/behaviour

52
Q

Hardeman (2002) (TPB review)

Found small to medium effects of TPB on intention/behaviour.

They identified three key problems …

A
  1. Lack of initial studies
  2. How can TPB cognitions be changed?
  3. Lack of assessment on effects of TPB cognitions
53
Q

Webb + Sheeran (2006) (IB Gap)

A M-L change in intention…

A

= S-M change in behaviour

54
Q

Webb + Sheeran (2006)

Meta-analysis revealed a M-L change in intention caused a S-M change in behaviour? They called this the

A

Intention-behaviour gap

55
Q

Sheeran (2002) (IB Gap)

Identified 4 types of people….

A
  1. Inclined actor
  2. Inclined abstainer
  3. Disinclined actor
  4. Disinclined abstainer
56
Q

Inclined actor

A

Intend, act

57
Q

Inclined abstainer

A

Intend, do not act

58
Q

Disinclined abstainer

A

Never intended, do not act

59
Q

53% of inclined people

A

ACT

60
Q

47% of inclined people

A

DO NOT ACT

61
Q

93% of people who DO NOT INTEND

A

Abstain (do not act)

62
Q

Golwitzer (1993)

A goal intention is:

A

Specification

I intend to do X

63
Q

Golwitzer (1993)

Implementation intentions:

A

I intend to do X when situation Y is encountered

64
Q

Orbell, Hodgkins + Sheeran (1997)

What was the participants intention?

A

To carry out BSE

65
Q

Orbell, Hodgkins + Sheeran (1997)

Experimental group were given an

A

Intention implementation

66
Q

Orbell, Hodgkins + Sheeran (1997)

The experimental group were given a intention implementation, i.e.

A

“Decide now when you are going to do it and make a commitment”

67
Q

Orbell, Hodgkins + Sheeran (1997)

Findings

Intention + implementation group

A

100% carried out BSE

68
Q

Orbell, Hodgkins + Sheeran (1997)

Findings

Intention but no implementation group

A

64%

69
Q

Orbell, Hodgkins + Sheeran (1997)

Findings

Control (no intention but implementation intention)

A

53%

70
Q

Noar, Benac + Harris (2007)

Concluded that programs that _____ to stage do ________ than those that don’t

A

Tailor

Better

71
Q

Noar, Benac + Harris (2007)

Tailoring

A

Programs that tailor to stage are more effective than those that don’t

72
Q

Bridle et al., (2005)

Aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of STs/TTM in

A

Facilitating HB change

73
Q

Bridle et al., (2005)

Method: 37 research trials that

A

Targeted 7 different HB’s

74
Q

Bridle et al., (2005)
RQ: How effective are STs in facilitating HB change?

Findings: Variable trial quality, indicating

A

There is limited evidence for the effectiveness of ST interventions

75
Q

ALL SOCIAL COGNITION MODELS….

6 LIMITATIONS

A

1 .Weak predictive success

  1. Alternative predictors?
  2. What about BPS model
  3. No info on how to change cognitions
  4. Survival function?
  5. TOO SIMPLE TO EXPLAIN HBS
76
Q

Rosenstock, 1966

Listed individual representations of health behaviours in response to…

A

An illness threat

77
Q

Rosenstock, 1966

1) Perceptions of illness threat
2) Evaluations of behaviour to counteract threat

These are individual representations of HB in response to

A

An illness threat

78
Q

Rosenstock, 1966

Individual representation of HB can be divided into (2)

A
  1. Perception of illness threat

2. Evaluations of behaviour to counteract threat

79
Q

Rosenstock, 1966

Perception of illness threat can be subdivided into

A
  1. Perceived susceptibility

2. Severity of illness consequences

80
Q

Rosenstock, 1966

Evaluations of behaviour to counteract the threat, a.k.a

A

Benefits vs costs of alternative actions

81
Q

Rosenstock, 1966

Demographic variables and psychological characteristics…

A

Feed in

82
Q

Becker et al., 1977

An example of a cue to action is

A

A media campaign

83
Q

Becker et al., 1977

“Condoms cost money and I don’t like using them”

This is an example of a

A

Perceived barrier

84
Q

What suggests that the HBM may be an incomplete model?

A

Other cognitions are stronger predictors of behaviour, e.g. intentions

85
Q

Armitage + Conner (2001) investigated the predictive

A

Value of the TPB

86
Q

Armitage + Conner investigated the predictive value of the TPB. They found (4)

A
  1. Intentions are strongest predictor of behaviour
  2. Attitudes are strongest predictor of intention
  3. Attitude/SN/PBC accounted for 39% of variance in intention
  4. Intention + PBC accounts for 27% of variance in behaviour
87
Q

Main advantages of TPB? (3)

A
  1. Proposes how cognitions affect behaviour/how beliefs combine
  2. Considers social influence
  3. Widely used in interventions
88
Q

Cognitions are subject to

A

Individual differences

89
Q

Social cognition models explain how

A

Cognitions give rise to social behaviour

90
Q

Social cognition models explain who

A

Performs health behaviours

91
Q

Cross-sectional studies provide evidence for

A

Distinct components predicting behaviour

92
Q

The theory of planned behaviour sets out a __________ process

A

Decision making process

93
Q

Bridle et al., (2005)

Systematic review of the effectiveness of HB interventions based on

A

TTM

246 S2 (18 decks)

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