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1
Q

Cognitions represent our

A

Beliefs/attitudes towards a health behaviour

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2
Q

Cognitions are modifiable

A

Determinants of behaviour

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3
Q

Cognitions are ____ determinants of behaviour

A

Modifiable

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4
Q

Cognitions give rise to

A

Social behaviour

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5
Q

Continuum theories

A

Peoples place on a continuum suggests how likely they are to perform a behaviour

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6
Q

2 Continuum Theories

A
  1. Health Belief Model

2. Theory of Planned Behaviour

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7
Q

“Individuals are more likely to follow a HB if they believe themselves to be susceptible, and that the benefits outweigh the costs”

A

Health Belief Model

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8
Q

Health Belief Model is an example of

A

A continuum

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9
Q

Health Belief Model

People are more likely to follow a HB if… (2)

A
  1. Believe they are susceptible

2. Benefits outweigh costs

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10
Q

Rosenstock (HBM)

Rather than a formal model, he

A

Listed variables found to predict behaviour

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11
Q

Becker et al., (1997) (HBM)

Demographic variables feed into (2)

A
  1. Perceived susceptibility

2. Perceived severity

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12
Q

Becker et al., (1997) (HBM)

Psychological characteristics feed into (2)

A
  1. Perceived benefits

2. Perceived barriers

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13
Q

Becker et al., (1997) (HBM)

4 things that overall influence BEHAVIOUR….

A
  1. Perception of illness threat
  2. Evaluations of behaviour
  3. Demographics/Psychology
  4. Cues to action/Health Motivation
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14
Q

Becker et al., (1997) (HBM)

Demographics, psychology, health motivation and cues to action all influence

A

Behaviour

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15
Q

Abraham et al., (1992) (HBM)

Found _____ support…

A

Weak

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16
Q

Abraham et al., (1992) (HBM + Condom Use)

Perceived susceptibility was ________ correlated with condom use

A

Negatively

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17
Q

Abraham et al., (1992) (HBM + Condom Use)

_______ was negatively correlated with condom use

A

Perceived susceptibility

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18
Q

Abraham et al., (1992) (HBM + Condom Use)

Perceived severity, condom effectiveness, attractiveness, health motivation etc were all…… with condom use

A

Weakly positively correlated

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19
Q

Abraham et al., (1992) (HBM + Condom Use)

Why did this study only find weak support for the HBM?

A
  1. PS negatively associated w condom use…

2. The rest only weakly positively correlated with condom use

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20
Q

The theory of planned behaviour proposes that BEHAVIOUR is determined by

A

Intentions

Perceptions of control over that behaviour

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21
Q

The TPB proposes that INTENTIONS are determined by (3)

A
  1. Attitudes
  2. Subjective norms
  3. PBC
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22
Q

(Abraham et al., 2008) (TPB)

According to Abraham, smokers are more likely to quit if

A

They form an intention

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23
Q

(Abraham et al., 2008) (TPB)

Smokers are more likely to quit if they have an intention to quit. An intention is more likely to be formed if they (3)

A
  1. Have positive attitude
  2. People who they value think they should quit
  3. They feel they have control
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24
Q

Armitage + Conner (2001) (Predictive value of TPB)

What was found to be the strongest predictor of BEHAVIOUR?

A

Intentions

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25
Armitage + Conner (2001) (Predictive value of TPB) What was found to be the strongest predictor of INTENTION?
Attitudes
26
Armitage + Conner (2001) (Predictive value of TPB) Attitude + subjective norm predict ____ of the variance in ______
39% Intention
27
Armitage + Conner (2001) (Predictive value of TPB) Intention + PBC account for ___ of the variance in ________
24% Behaviour
28
Armitage + Conner (2001) (Predictive value of TPB) ______ + ________ predict 39% of the variance in intention
Attitude | Subjective norm
29
McEachan (2011) (TPB) Found that A/SN/PBC were all .....
Positively correlated with intention
30
McEachan (2011) (TPB) What was positively correlated with BOTH intention and behaviour?
PBC
31
McEachan (2011) (TPB) Intention was positively correlated
With behaviour
32
Weinstein (1998) 4 principles of Stage Theories
1. Mutually exclusive stages 2. Sequential 3. Common barriers to change within a stage 4. Different barriers to change across diff. stages
33
Example of a stage theory
Transtheoretical model
34
Procashka + Diclemente (1983) (TTM) We progress through 5 discrete stages...
1. Pre-contemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance
35
1. Pre-contemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. 5. Maintenance
Action
36
1. 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance
Pre-contemplation
37
1. Pre-contemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5.
Maintenance
38
1. Pre-contemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance The 5 stages of the ^
Transtheoretical model
39
1. Pre-contemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance In which stage might you relapse in?
Maintenance
40
Arden + Armitage (2008) (TTM) Method:
Questionnaire predicting TTM in relation to condom use
41
Arden + Armitage (2008) (Support for TTM) Findings (3)
1. Evidence for between stages (cross-sectional) 2. Identified predictors of stage transition (i.e. stage of change) 3. Implementation intentions = moved between stages compared to control
42
Arden + Armitage (2008) (Support for TTM) 3 Strengths of the transtheoretical model
1. Allows for relapse/forward progression 2. Stresses the importance of maintenance 3. Behaviour change is DYNAMIC not LINEAR
43
Limitations of the TTM...
1. Weak evidence 2. Difficult to define/measure stages 3. Stages may just be categorisation of a continuum
44
Limitations of TTM Distinctions are ..... and based on.....
Logically flawed Arbitrary time periods
45
Quinn (2001) applied which model to a study on safety helmets
TPB
46
Quinn (2001) assessed the effectiveness of
A TPB intervention on persuading children to use helmets
47
Quinn (2001) Method:
Gave children booklet with persuasive messages
48
Quinn (2001) It was predicted that the persuasive booklet messages would...
Increase intention
49
Quinn (2001) Results
Positive intentions in intervention group
50
Quinn (2001) ____ of children in the _______ wore a helmet at follow up
25% Intervention group
51
Hardeman (2002) conducted a review of the TPB and found...
Small to medium effects on intention/behaviour
52
Hardeman (2002) (TPB review) Found small to medium effects of TPB on intention/behaviour. They identified three key problems ...
1. Lack of initial studies 2. How can TPB cognitions be changed? 3. Lack of assessment on effects of TPB cognitions
53
Webb + Sheeran (2006) (IB Gap) A M-L change in intention...
= S-M change in behaviour
54
Webb + Sheeran (2006) Meta-analysis revealed a M-L change in intention caused a S-M change in behaviour? They called this the
Intention-behaviour gap
55
Sheeran (2002) (IB Gap) Identified 4 types of people....
1. Inclined actor 2. Inclined abstainer 3. Disinclined actor 4. Disinclined abstainer
56
Inclined actor
Intend, act
57
Inclined abstainer
Intend, do not act
58
Disinclined abstainer
Never intended, do not act
59
53% of inclined people
ACT
60
47% of inclined people
DO NOT ACT
61
93% of people who DO NOT INTEND
Abstain (do not act)
62
Golwitzer (1993) A goal intention is:
Specification I intend to do X
63
Golwitzer (1993) Implementation intentions:
I intend to do X when situation Y is encountered
64
Orbell, Hodgkins + Sheeran (1997) What was the participants intention?
To carry out BSE
65
Orbell, Hodgkins + Sheeran (1997) Experimental group were given an
Intention implementation
66
Orbell, Hodgkins + Sheeran (1997) The experimental group were given a intention implementation, i.e.
"Decide now when you are going to do it and make a commitment"
67
Orbell, Hodgkins + Sheeran (1997) Findings Intention + implementation group
100% carried out BSE
68
Orbell, Hodgkins + Sheeran (1997) Findings Intention but no implementation group
64%
69
Orbell, Hodgkins + Sheeran (1997) Findings Control (no intention but implementation intention)
53%
70
Noar, Benac + Harris (2007) Concluded that programs that _____ to stage do ________ than those that don't
Tailor Better
71
Noar, Benac + Harris (2007) Tailoring
Programs that tailor to stage are more effective than those that don't
72
Bridle et al., (2005) Aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of STs/TTM in
Facilitating HB change
73
Bridle et al., (2005) Method: 37 research trials that
Targeted 7 different HB's
74
Bridle et al., (2005) RQ: How effective are STs in facilitating HB change? Findings: Variable trial quality, indicating
There is limited evidence for the effectiveness of ST interventions
75
ALL SOCIAL COGNITION MODELS.... 6 LIMITATIONS
1 .Weak predictive success 2. Alternative predictors? 3. What about BPS model 4. No info on how to change cognitions 5. Survival function? 6. TOO SIMPLE TO EXPLAIN HBS
76
Rosenstock, 1966 Listed individual representations of health behaviours in response to...
An illness threat
77
Rosenstock, 1966 1) Perceptions of illness threat 2) Evaluations of behaviour to counteract threat These are individual representations of HB in response to
An illness threat
78
Rosenstock, 1966 Individual representation of HB can be divided into (2)
1. Perception of illness threat | 2. Evaluations of behaviour to counteract threat
79
Rosenstock, 1966 Perception of illness threat can be subdivided into
1. Perceived susceptibility | 2. Severity of illness consequences
80
Rosenstock, 1966 Evaluations of behaviour to counteract the threat, a.k.a
Benefits vs costs of alternative actions
81
Rosenstock, 1966 Demographic variables and psychological characteristics...
Feed in
82
Becker et al., 1977 An example of a cue to action is
A media campaign
83
Becker et al., 1977 "Condoms cost money and I don't like using them" This is an example of a
Perceived barrier
84
What suggests that the HBM may be an incomplete model?
Other cognitions are stronger predictors of behaviour, e.g. intentions
85
Armitage + Conner (2001) investigated the predictive
Value of the TPB
86
Armitage + Conner investigated the predictive value of the TPB. They found (4)
1. Intentions are strongest predictor of behaviour 2. Attitudes are strongest predictor of intention 3. Attitude/SN/PBC accounted for 39% of variance in intention 4. Intention + PBC accounts for 27% of variance in behaviour
87
Main advantages of TPB? (3)
1. Proposes how cognitions affect behaviour/how beliefs combine 2. Considers social influence 3. Widely used in interventions
88
Cognitions are subject to
Individual differences
89
Social cognition models explain how
Cognitions give rise to social behaviour
90
Social cognition models explain who
Performs health behaviours
91
Cross-sectional studies provide evidence for
Distinct components predicting behaviour
92
The theory of planned behaviour sets out a __________ process
Decision making process
93
Bridle et al., (2005) Systematic review of the effectiveness of HB interventions based on
TTM

246 S2 (18 decks)

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