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Anatomy 1 > Head and Neck > Flashcards

Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of bones in the head

A

Cranial

Facial

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2
Q

What are cranial bones

A

Bones that make up the superior part of the skull

Generally flat bones

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3
Q

What are the names of the cranial bones and how many of each are there

A 
Ethmoid - 1
Frontal - 1
Occipital - 1
Parietal - 2 
Sphenoid - 1
Temporal - 2
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4
Q

What are facial bones

A

Irregular bones that support the soft tissue of the face and determine appearance

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5
Q

What are the names of the facial bones and how many of each are there

A 
Zygomatic - 2
Lacrimal - 2 
Nasal - 2 
Palatine - 2
Maxilla - 2
Vomer - 1
Mandible - 1
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6
Q

What do the zygomatic bones form

A

The cheekbones of the face

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7
Q

What is the lacrimal bone

A

Smallest bone of the face

Forms the medial wall of the orbit

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8
Q

What is the nasal bone

A

Slender bone - located at bridge of nose

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9
Q

What is the inferior nasal conchae

A

In nasal cavity - increases the surface area of the nasal cavity thus increasing the amount of inspired air

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10
Q

What is the palatine bone

A

Situated at the rear of the oral cavity and it forms the hard palate

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11
Q

What is the maxilla

A

Forms the upper jaw and hard palate

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12
Q

What is the vomer

A

Forms the posterior aspect of the nasal septum

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13
Q

What is the mandible

A

Articulates with the base of the cranium at the TMJ

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14
Q

What are sutures

A

A type of fibrous joint that are unique to the skull

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15
Q

Why are sutures clinically important

A

Can be points of potential weakness in both childhood and adulthood

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16
Q

What are the different sutures

A

Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Lambdoid suture

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17
Q

What does the coronal suture fuse

A

The frontal bone with the two parietal bones

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18
Q

What does the sagittal suture fuse

A

The parietal bones to each other

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19
Q

What does the lambdoid suture fuse

A

The occipital bone to the two parietal bone

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20
Q

Why do the sutures overlap in babies

A

To make it easier for the baby to come through the birth canal

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21
Q

Where are the sutures soft

A

The back and front of the head

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22
Q

What are fontanelles

A

The soft sutures

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23
Q

When does the anterior fontanelle close

A

2 years old

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24
Q

When does the posterior fontanelle close

A

2 months old

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25
Q

What is the mastoid process

A

A conical prominence of the temporal bone and it is a site of attachment for many muscles

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26
Q

What is the foremen magnum

A

A hole in the occipital bone

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27
Q

What is the function of the foremen magnum

A

Functions as a passage of the CNS through the skull connecting the brain to the spinal cord

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28
Q

Why is the zygomatic clinically significant

A

It absorbs impact from trauma - can take on a lot of pressure

29
Q

What is the cranial vault

A

Top of the skull

30
Q

What is the cranial vault made up of

A 
Frontal bone 
Occipital bone 
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
(Squamous part)
31
Q

What are the bones of the cranial base

A 
Ethmoid bone
Frontal bone
Occipital bone
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
(Petrous part)
32
Q

What is the pterion

A

The region where the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones joins together

33
Q

Why is the pterion clinically significant

A

Thinnest part of the skull
Prone to injury
The middle meningeal artery is here and so injury can result in an extradural haemorrhage

34
Q

What is the orbit

A

The eye socket

35
Q

What makes up the orbit

A 
Optic foremen
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Maxilla 
Frontal bone
Superior orbital fissure 
Sphenoid zygomatic bone 
Inferior orbital fissures
36
Q

What is the superior orbital fissure

A

The nerves go through here and supply sensation to the muscles outside the eye

37
Q

What nerves supply the orbit

A 
Optic nerve
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
38
Q

What happens if the palatine and maxilla bones do not join up properly

A

Cleft lip/cleft palate

39
Q

What is the nasal septum made of

A

Vomer and ethmoid bone

40
Q

What branch is the nasopalatine nerve from

A

Branch of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve

41
Q

What does the nasopalatine nerve innervate

A

Innervates the palatal tissue of the six anterior teeth

42
Q

Where does the nasopalatine nerve come out

A

Incisive canal

43
Q

What does the arch of the aorta give off

A

Brachiocephalic trunk which gives off right common carotid artery
Left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery

44
Q

Where do the carotid arteries split into the external and internal arteries

A

At C4

45
Q

What is the carotid triangle

A

Where the bifurcation of the carotid artery occurs

46
Q

What does the external carotid artery supply

A

It has several branches that supply the areas of the head and neck external to the cranium

47
Q

What arteries split off from the external carotid artery

A 
Superior thyroid artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery 
Lingual artery
Facial artery
Occipital artery 
Posterior auricular artery 
Maxillary artery 
Superior temporal artery
48
Q

What do the internal carotid arteries supply

A

Structures within the cranial cavity

Do not supply and structures in the neck

49
Q

Where does the internal carotid artery branch

A

Inside the skull

50
Q

Why is the parotid gland clinically significant

A

Inside it is the facial nerve, the external carotid artery and the retromandibular vein making surgery very difficult

51
Q

What are dura venous sinuses

A

Spaces between the endosteal and miningeal layers of the dura

52
Q

What is the function of the dura venous sinuses

A

They drain all venous blood writhing the cranial cavity and deliver it back to the cardiovascular circulation via the internal jugular vein

53
Q

What are the dura venous sinuses formed from

A

Folds of dura - fibrous tissue that have formed to make a complex arrangement of veins

54
Q

What is cerebral spinal fluid

A

Clear liquid that fills and surrounds the brain and spinal cord

55
Q

Where is cerebral spinal fluid formed

A

Primarily in the ventricles of the brain

56
Q

What is the function of cerebral spinal fluid

A

Acts as a cushion, dulling the forces from impact it also transports metabolic waste products, antibodies etc from the brain and spinal cord tissue into the bloodstream

57
Q

What are cavernous sinuses

A

Dura venous sinuses

They are paired venous channels in the sphenoid bone

58
Q

What is the function of the cavernous sinus

A

Plays a role in the drainage of venous blood from the orbits and cranium

59
Q

What are the nerves in the cavernous sinus

A

Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
CN 6 and 7
Abducens nerve

60
Q

What vessel is in the cavernous sinus

A

Internal carotid artery

61
Q

What can cavernous sinus syndrome result in

A

Displacement of the eye

62
Q

Where does the cavernous sinus sit

A

Deep inside the skull and so is clinically significant as it joins all the veins at the front of the face

63
Q

What is the danger triangle and why is it clinically significant

A

The possibility of a retrograde infection from the nasal area spreading to the brain due to the venous communication between the facial vein and the cavernous sinus meaning infection can travel through the bloodstream

64
Q

What is the normal pulse

A

60 - 80 bpm

65
Q

What are the different pulses

A

Temporal pulse
Superficial temporal pulse - anterior branch of superficial temporal artery
Carotid pulse
Facial pulse

66
Q

What are the branches of the sensory ophthalmic nerve

A

Frontal
Lacrimal
Nasociliary

67
Q

What are the branches of the sensory maxillary nerve

A

Zygomatic
Infraorbital
Superior alveolar nerves

68
Q

What are the sensory branches of the mandibular nerve

A

Auriculotemporal
Lingual
Buccal
Inferior alveolar

69
Q

What branch of the trigeminal nerve does shingles often affect

A

The ophthalmic

Anatomy 1 (23 decks)

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