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Neuroscience > HAEMOTOLOGY > Flashcards

HAEMOTOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Haemotapoiesis

A
  • blood cell formation
  • Produced by hematopoietic stem cell
  • Can form common myeloid or lymphoid progenitor
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2
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen
Regulatory proteins

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3
Q

Other solutes in blood

A

Electrolytes
Organic nutrients
Waste

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4
Q

Lymphoid progenitor

A

Produces white blood cells

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5
Q

Myeloid progenitor

A

Produces Myeloblast
Cytokines, growth factors and hormones
Thrombocytes
Macrophages

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6
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Formation of red blood cells

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7
Q

Requirements for erythropoiesis

A
  • Erythropoieten
  • Iron
  • Vitamin B12, folic acid
  • Intrinsic factor
  • Amino acids
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8
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur in adults?

A

Only red Bone marrow

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9
Q

Where does erythropoeisis occur in foetus

A

Yolk sac
then liver and spleen
then bone marrow

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10
Q

life span of RBC

A

120 days

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11
Q

What substances are recycled for breakdown of RBCs?

A

Ferritin
Iron
Transferrin
Amino acids

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12
Q

Whats secreted into the bile from leftover RBC breakdown?

A

Bilirubin

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13
Q

What breaks down old RBCs?

A

Macrophages

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14
Q

Causes of hypoxia

A
  • Increased exercise
  • High altitude
  • Smoking
  • Bleeding
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15
Q

What detects hypoxia?

A

Kidneys - produce EPO

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16
Q

Haemoglobin synthesis occurs in ?

A

Proerthroblast

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17
Q

How much Hb in blood?

A

15g/dl

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18
Q

Components of Hb

A

2 alpha subunits
2 beta subunits
Each bound to haem Fe2+

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19
Q

What does Hb carry?

A

Oxygen
CO2
CO
H+

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20
Q

Anaemia

A

Low Hb level in blood

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21
Q

Causes of anaemia

A
  • Decreased RBC production
  • Increased RBC destruction
  • Blood loss
22
Q

Types of anaemia

A 
Iron deficiency anaemia
Megaloblastic anaemia
Folic acid deficiency
Sickle cell anaemia
Thalassaemia
23
Q

Iron deficiency anaemia

A
  • Most common
  • Microcytic and hypocrhomic RBCs
  • Decreased MCV
24
Q

Hypochromic

A

Pale RBCs due to lack of iron

25
Q

Microcytic

A

smaller than normal RBCs due to lack of iron

26
Q

Causes of iron deficiency anaemia

A

Pregnancy
Malnutrition
Malabsorption
Bleeding in GI tract Menorrhagia

27
Q

Malabsorption

A

Improper absorbing of nutrients from gut, e.g. chrons disease

28
Q

Menorhagia

A

XS bleeding during menstruation

29
Q

Where do white blood cells come from?

A

Lymphoid progenitor

30
Q

Eosinophils

A

Bilobular nucleus
1-3 days
Attack parasites, bacteria and debris by releasing toxic compounds
Allergies and asthma

31
Q

Basophils

A 
S shaped nucleus
Large granules
Inflammatory response
Unknown lifespan
Least common
32
Q

Monocytes

A

Largest
Horse shoe shaped nucleus
Become tissue macrophages
Phagocytic

33
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Smallest
Weeks to years
Central role in immunological defense
Three types

34
Q

T cells

A

Mediate cell-mediated immunity

35
Q

B cells

A

Differentiate into plasma cells and secrete antibodies

36
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Surveillance, prevent cancer

37
Q

Phagocytic white blood cells

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes

38
Q

Normal WBC count

A

4-11 x 10^(9) / litre

39
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eoisonphils
Basophils

40
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

41
Q

All white blood cells can

A

Migrate out bloodstream
Amoeboid movement
Attract to specific stimuli

42
Q

Haemostasis

A

Process by which body forms clot to protect you from losing blood.

43
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

Fibrin clot broken down by plasmin

44
Q

Where are platelets produced ?

A

Megakaryocyte cytoplasm

45
Q

Elements of haemostatic response

A

Vasoconstriction
Platelet adhesion & aggregation
Clotting

46
Q

Normal life span of platelets

A

7-10 days

47
Q

What substances cause vasoconstriction following a cut to the skin.

A

5 HT

Thromboxane A2

48
Q

What does ADP cause in vasoconstriction during haemostasis?

A

Causes platelets to change shape and swell, causing positive feedback as greater aggregation occurs.

49
Q

Factor 10 activates

A

Prothrombinase

50
Q

Thrombin catalyses

A

Fibrinogen to fibrin

51
Q

Anticoaguants

A

Antithrombin

Heparin

Neuroscience (22 decks)

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