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Neuroscience > Gene expression I from gene to RNA > Flashcards

Gene expression I from gene to RNA Flashcards

1
Q

Cistron

A

Segment of DNA corresponding to one polypeptide

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2
Q

What is the regulatory element possessed by all genes?

A

Promoter and enhancer

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3
Q

Rna polymerase

A

Enzyme that synthesizes the formation of RNA from a DNA template during transcription

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4
Q

Pol I

A

Transcribes ribsomal RNA genes

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5
Q

Pol II

A

Transcribes protein encoding genes and small nuclear RNA

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6
Q

Pol II

A

Transcribes transfer RNA, rRNA and snRNA

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7
Q

What is TBP?

A
  • Transcription factor/binding protein for the TATA promoter sequence.
  • Acts w/ minor DNA groove
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8
Q

Promoter

A

Region of DNA that defines transcription start sites and its direction

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9
Q

Constitutive

A

When a mutation in the operator sequence of a gene becomes permanently switched on

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10
Q

Substrates for operons…

A

Induce them

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11
Q

Products of biosynthetic operons…

A

repress them

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12
Q

TFIID

A

TBP protein and other proteins surrounding

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13
Q

Leader/spacer

A

Section of DNA which is nontranslated

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14
Q

Cistron

A

Segment of DNA corresponding to one polypeptide

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15
Q

Catabolite repression

A

System of gene control in prokaryotes, when glucose is exhausted, cAMP levels increase and bind to CRP/CAP which binds to the promoter sequence at the lac operon.

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16
Q

Phosphorylation of a transcription factor can:

A
  • Change its conformation
  • Increase +ve
  • Alter its location in a cell
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17
Q

Repressor

A

DNA/RNA binding protein that inhibits expression of genes by binding to the operator or related silencers.
Blocks attachment of RNA polymerase to promoter.

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18
Q

Inducer

A

Molecule that regulates gene expression. Can bind to repressors, disabling them.

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19
Q

Co-repressor

A

Effector molecules that binds to a repressor molecule to prevent transcription of a gene.

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20
Q

Operator

A

Short region of DNA that lies within promoters and interacts with regulatory proteins controlling transcription of the operon.

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21
Q

Operon

A

Set of genes transcribed by the same promoter that gives rise to a polycistronic mRNA

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22
Q

DNA binding domain (DBD)

A

Protein structure with a high affinity to DNA, so binds when present. E.g. transcription factors

23
Q

Transcription activation domain

A

Regions of transcription factor which which with DBD can activate transcription from a promoter, by signalling relevant machinery

24
Q

Enhancer

A

Short DNA region that can bind to regulatory proteins to increase possible transcription of a gene.

25
Q

Nucleosome

A

Basic unit of chromatin packaging. Made from coil of DNA wound round a histone core

26
Q

Co activator

A

Transcriptional coregulator that binds to an activator to increase rate of transcription

27
Q

Histone acetylases

A

Alters accessibility of chromatin, allowing DNA bind proteins to interact with DNA.

28
Q

Second messenger

A

Mediates cell activity by relaying extracellular information to inside the cell.

29
Q

Kinase

A

Catalyses transfer of phosphate groups from high energy, phosphate donating molecules to specific substrates.

30
Q

tRNA

A

binds to codon of RNA and matches appropriate amino acid

30
Q

Phosphorylation of a transcription factor would make it more negatively charged? T/F

A

TRUE

30
Q

Phosphorylation of a transcription factor would make it more negatively charged? T/F

A

TRUE

31
Q

RNA 2’ structure is important for

A

Catalysis
Organisation
Recognition

31
Q

RNA 2’ structure is important for

A

Catalysis
Organisation
Recognition

32
Q

Palindrome

A

Sequence which reads the same forwards as it does backwards

33
Q

RNA 2’ structure is important for

A

Catalysis
Organisation
Recognition

34
Q

Open reading frame

A

Sequence of codons running from a specific start codon to a specific stop codon

35
Q

Wobble

A

Allows unconventional base pairing between 3rd base in codon & 1st base in anticodon

36
Q

Aminoacetyl-tRNA synthetases

A

Catalyse transfer of amino acid to tRNA

37
Q

Anticodon

A

Complementary code to codon on mRNA

38
Q

Initiation

A

Initiation codon identification and assembly

39
Q

Elongation

A

Polymerisation
Translocation
Energy driven

40
Q

Termination

A

Energy driven

41
Q

GTP in translation

A

Provides energy by hydrolysis

GTP -> GDP + Pi

42
Q

GTP in initation

A

Addition of large subunit

43
Q

GTP in elongation

A

Addition of aminoacyl-tRNA by EF-Tu peptide synthesis and translocation

44
Q

GTP in termination

A

Release of peptide chain and dissociation of ribosome

45
Q

Cis acting element

A

Only regulate DNA directly joined to

46
Q

Trans acting factor

A

Regulates any gene

47
Q

Mutations in regulatory elements

A

Cis acting

Cant be fixed

48
Q

Mutations altering regulatory proteins

A

Trans acting
Affect many genes
Can be fixed

49
Q

Lac operon switched on/off with lactose and glucose present?

A

Switched off

50
Q

Lac operon switched on/off with lactose present but no glucose present

A

Switched on

Neuroscience (22 decks)

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