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Neuroscience > Body Systems > Flashcards

Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Regulation of a constant internal environment

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2
Q

Anastomosis

A

Connection between two passages (e.g. blood vessels) that are normally diverging

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3
Q

Bifurcates

A

Division of blood vessel into two branches

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4
Q

Endocardium

A

Inner layer of heart

SImple squamous, endothelium, with a small lamina propria

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5
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle layer of heart

Cardiac muscle

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6
Q

Epicardium

A

Outer layer of heart

Visceral pericardium

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7
Q

Lamina propria

A

Thin layer of loose areolar connective tissue, lying below epithelium.

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8
Q

Aurcile

A

Extension of main heart chamber, on the top of the atria.

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9
Q

Haemostasis

A

The stopping of blood flow, first stage of wound healing

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10
Q

Haemotapoiesis

A

Production of all cells

Red and white blood cells and platelets

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11
Q

Percentage composition of blood

A

55% plasma

45% formed elements

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12
Q

Erythropoieten

A

Hormone required for for red blood cell production

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13
Q

Blast cell

A

Premature cell, may remain in bone marrow

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14
Q

Anaemia

A

Haemoglobin concentration in whole blood below accepted normal range

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15
Q

Causes of anaemia

A
  • Decreased RBC prod.
  • INcreased RBC dest.
  • Blood loss
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16
Q

Extravasation

A

Leakage of blood or lymph out of blood vessels into surrounding tissue.

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17
Q

Diapedesis

A

Passage of blood cells through capillary walls

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18
Q

Difference between leukocyte and lymphocyte

A

Lymphocyte - type of WBC

Leukocyte - all WBCs

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19
Q

Platelet growth factor

A

Thrombopoietin

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20
Q

Red blood cell growth factor

A

Erythropoietin

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21
Q

Mean arterial pressure =

A

Mean arterial pressure = diastolic pressure / 1/3 of pulse pressure

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22
Q

Pulse pressure

A

Difference in systolic and diastolic pressures

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23
Q

Considerations of cardiac cycle

A
  • Electrical events
  • Mechanical events
  • Electro-mechanical contraction coupling
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24
Q

ECG

A

Detects electrical responses across the heart, shows action potentials occurring across heart.

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25
Q

What stages of the cardiac cycle does the ECG reflect?

A
  • atrial contraction / relaxation;
  • ventricular contraction / relaxation;
  • conduction velocities of the electrical signals
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26
Q

QT interval

A

Time from initiation of ventricular contraction to end of ventricular relaxation

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27
Q

T wave

A

Ventricle depolarization and relaxation

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28
Q

QRS complex

A

Spread of electrical signal causing ventricular myocyte depolarization and contraction

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29
Q

Tachycardia

A

Overly fast heart rate

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30
Q

Bradycardia

A

Overly slow heart rate

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31
Q

Positive inotropic effect

A

Increased contractility of the heart caused by a molecule

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32
Q

Hypotension

A

When blood pressure is too low

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33
Q

Hypertension

A

When blood pressure is too high - leads to CHD

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34
Q

Cardiac output

A

stroke volume x heart rate

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35
Q

total peripheral resistance

A

sum of arteriolar resistance

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36
Q

Exception to mediators in blood vessel resistance

A

Pulmonary circulation -

Low O2 and High CO2 cause constriction of arterioles

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37
Q

Capillary exchange

A

Chemical and gaseous exchange between blood and interstitial fluid across capillaries.

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38
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Present in hypothalamus, kidneys, endocrine organs and intestinal tract

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39
Q

Voltage-gated Ca2+ Channel Antagonists

A

Inhibit membrane cardiac/vascular depolarization:-

↓ CO; cause vasodilation

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40
Q

Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists

A

Blocks actions of AT2 on vasoconstriction

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41
Q

ACE inhibitors

A
  • Inhibit actions of AT2 on aldosterone prod. so preventing renal Na+/H2O absorption & blood vol. increase
  • Inhibits vasoconstrictor actions of AT2
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42
Q

Thiazide Diuretics

A

↑ Na+ & water loss, so decrease fluid volume
↓ venous return
↓ cardiac output (CO)

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43
Q

α-Adrenoceptor Antagonists “α-blockers”

A

Reduce TPR by inhibiting action of noradrenaline

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44
Q

β-Adrenoceptor Antagonists “β-blockers”

A

↓ CO
↓ SNS activity centrally
↓ renin release – leads to favoured secondary actions

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45
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening and thickening of artery walls.

Loss of elasticity in tissue.

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46
Q

Atheroscleorosis

A

Plaque damage to the endothelium, atheroma in blood vessel walls.

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47
Q

Total body water

A

42 litres

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48
Q

Total intracellular fluid

A

25 litres

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49
Q

Total extracellular fluid

A

17 litres

comprises plasma, interstitial fluid and transcellular fluid

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50
Q

Transcellular fluid found

A

Have to cross over layer of epithelilal to get it. Generally excretions and secretions.

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51
Q

Difference between interstitial fluid and other transcellular fluids

A

No proteins

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52
Q

Types of carrier protein

A

Facilitator/uniport
Cotransporter/symport
Exchanger/antiport

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53
Q

Facilitator/uniport

A

Transport 1 type of ion in one direction

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54
Q

Symport/cotransporter

A

Transport 2 types of ion in one direction

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55
Q

Antiport/exchanger

A

Swaps ions

e.g. Cl- for K+

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56
Q

Which channel in a cell are all other ion channels dependent on?

A

Na+, K+ pump

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57
Q

Electric gradient of cell

A

negative inside relative to outside, due to K+.

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58
Q

What maintains electrical gradient of cell?

A

Negative organic ions attract K+ meaning it cannot leave cell. Present in excitable cells.

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59
Q

Oncotic/colloid osmotic pressure

A

Osmotic pressure exerted within cardiovascular system by proteins found in blood plasma.

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60
Q

Water distribution in blood vessels and capillary bed

A

Via capillary endothelium.

Hydrostatic pressure from heart contractions forces water out. Osmotic pressure from plasma proteins draws water in.

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61
Q

Innermost layer of intestinal epithelial cell, facing lumen

A

Apical membrane

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62
Q

Outermost layer of intestinal epithelial cell, facing cells and capillaries

A

basolateral

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63
Q

Negative feedback control

A

aims to maintain a controlled variable at its set point

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64
Q

What does the sensor send an impulse to in order to activate the effector to correct the change in a variable

A

Integrating centre

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65
Q

What centre of the brain controls blood pressure

A

medulla oblongata

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66
Q

Positive feed back

A

Initial stimulus causes a response which reinforces itself

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67
Q

Examples of positive feedback

A

1) Action potential in nerves - stops upon depolarisation
2) ovulation - stops when egg is released
3) blood clotting - stops once clot has formed

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68
Q

Thrombin

A

A hormone involved in the positive feedback response of blood clotting, by activating clotting factors which in turn, activate release of thrombin

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69
Q

What tissue does the autonomic nerves control

A

SMooth & cardiac muscle, glands

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70
Q

What tissue does somatic nerves control

A

skeletal muscles - voluntary

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71
Q

System of neurons in autonomic neurons

A

Preganglionic neuron
Postganglionic neuron
Target cell

72
Q

Ganglionic neurotransitter in parasympathetic nervous system

A

Acetyl choline

73
Q

Ganglionic neurotransmitter in sympathetic nervous system

A

Acetyl choline

74
Q

Where is oxytocin released?

A

Posterior pituitary

75
Q

Outflow from CNS sympathetic

A

Thoraic and lumbar

76
Q

Outflow from CNS paraympathetic

A

Cranial and Sacral

77
Q

Prepanglionic fibre sympathetic

A

short

78
Q

Prepganglionic fibre parasympathetic

A

long

79
Q

Postganglionic fibre sympathetic

A

long

80
Q

Postganglionic fibre parasympathic

A

Short

81
Q

Neuroeffector transmitter sympathetic

A

NA

82
Q

Neuroeffector transmitter parasympathetic

A

ACh

83
Q

Four types of tissue

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

84
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • Dense populations of connected cells, organised in varying layers and shapes
  • Line surfaces of our body
  • capable of regeneration
  • Polarity (apical + basal)
85
Q

Connective tissue

A
  • Sparse populations of cells suspended in a uniform, extracellular matrix
  • Matrix & function differing
  • 6 types: loose, fibrous, adipose, cartilage, bone and blood.
86
Q

Loose connective tissue

A
  • Connects epithelial tissue to underlying tissue

- Holds internal organs in place

87
Q

Fibrous connective tissue

A
  • Connects muscle to bone
  • Ligands
  • Made of strong collagen fibres
88
Q

Adipose connective tissue cells

A
  • Fat storing cells
  • Insulates body
  • Energy stockpile
89
Q

Cartilage connective tissue

A
  • Rubber extracellular matrix
  • Found at ear, nose & bones
  • Shock absorber
  • Reduces friction
90
Q

Bone as a connective tissue

A
  • Extracellular matrix consists of rubbery protein fibres hardened by Ca2+ salt deposits
  • Provide support and protection as well as movement
91
Q

Blood as a connective tissue

A
  • Different cells in plasma
  • Circulating fluid of cardiovascular system
  • Gas exchange and chemical reactions
92
Q

Muscle tissue

A
  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
93
Q

Skeletal muscle

A
  • Striations due to organised contracting proteins
  • Linear cylindrical cells
  • Voluntary movement
  • Bones and tendons
94
Q

Cardiac muscle

A
  • Striations
  • Heartbeat
  • Heart
95
Q

Smooth muscle

A
  • Involuntary muscle contractions

- Internal organs and blood vessels

96
Q

Nervous tissue

A
  • send & receive action potentials

- Electrical communication in body

97
Q

Epithelial cell layers

A

Simple - one layer

Stratified - two+ layers

98
Q

Shapes of epithelial cells

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

99
Q

Intercellular junction

A

Specialised area of cell membrane that binds cells together.

  • Desmosomes
  • Hemidesmosomes
  • Tight junctions
  • Gap junctions
100
Q

Desmosomes

A

Intercellular junction

  • Between adjacent cells
  • Very strong connections
  • Resist stretching and twisting
  • Between stratified squamous cells in skin
101
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Intercellular junction

- Anchor cells to basement membrane

102
Q

Tight junctions

A

Intercellular junction

Apical side of cells, interlock proteins and membranes, preventing passage of water and solutes between cells.

103
Q

Gap junction

A

Allows small molecules and ions to pass through cells allowing spread of impulses

104
Q

Loose (areolar) connective tissue

A
  • Just below epithelium
  • Contains ground substance and few fibres
  • Variety of cells
105
Q

Similarities between muscle tissue types

A
  • muscle fibres, contract parallel to length
  • Numerous mitochondria
  • Contractile elements
106
Q

Avascular

A

appears stratified as some cells don’t reach free surface.

107
Q

Pseudostratified

A

appears stratified as some cells don’t reach free surface

108
Q

Mucociliary escalator

A

defence mechanism protecting the lungs involving ciliary action & flow of mucus from the bronchioles

109
Q

3 layers of blood vessels

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

110
Q

Tunica intima

A
  • Simple squamous epithelium

- Basal lamina of epithelial cells

111
Q

Tunica media

A
  • Smooth muscle fibres in connective tissue

- May have elastic fibres

112
Q

Tunica adventia

A
  • Connective tissue
  • Merges with surrounding connective tissue
  • Large vessels/veins
113
Q

Types of arteries

A
  • Elastic/conducting
  • Muscular
  • Arterioles
114
Q

Elastic arterioles

A

e. g. aorta, common carotid
- withstands changes in presssure
- Ensures continuous blood flow

115
Q

Muscular arteries

A

e. g. brachial, femoral
- Name = area going to
- Distribute blood to muscles and organs
- Vasodilation/constriction to control rate of blood flow

116
Q

Arterioles/resistance vessels

A
  • Vasoconstriction/dilation

- Control blood flow to organs

117
Q

Types of capillaires

A

Continous
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal

118
Q

Continous capillaries

A

Pass through cells

e.g. smoothmuscle, lungs

119
Q

Fenestrated capilarries

A
  • Pores in endothelial lining
  • Rapid exchange of water and large solutes
  • Absorption
120
Q

Sinusoidal capillaries

A
  • Between endothelial cells are spaces - no basement membrane
  • Exchange of large solutes
  • Blood moves through slowly
121
Q

Meta arterioles

A

Supply single single capillary bed

122
Q

Precapillary sphincter

A
  • guarded entrance to each capillary

- Increase/decrease blood flow

123
Q

Arteriovenous anastomoses

A
  • Direct communication between arteriole and veunule

- When dilated blood bypasses capillary bed

124
Q

Veins

A

Low pressure system

Easily distensible

125
Q

Superior/inferior

A

Higher/lower

126
Q

Proximal/distal

A

Closer to/further away

127
Q

Medial

A

Towards mid line

128
Q

Anterior/ventral

Posterior/dorsal

A

Back and front

129
Q

Sagittal

A

Splits body from right to left

130
Q

Coronal/frontal

A

Side to side, front and back

131
Q

Transverse/horizontal

A

Upper and lower parts

132
Q

Blood circulatory system contains

A
  • Systematic
  • Pulmonary
  • Coronary
133
Q

Specialised circulatory systems

A
  • portal

- foetal

134
Q

Jugular

A

Neck

135
Q

Brachium

A

Arm

136
Q

Popliteal fossa

A

Back of knee

137
Q

Auxillary fossa

A

Arm pit

138
Q

Ilium

A

Hip bone

139
Q

Febur

A

Thigh

140
Q

TIbia

A

Bone in lower leg

141
Q

Radius and ulna

A

Forearm

142
Q

Systematic circulation

A
  • High pressure system on arterial side

- Takes and returns blood from heart to tissues

143
Q

Braciocephalic trunk

A
  • Vessel leaving aortic arch
  • Arm and head
  • Breaks into common carotid and right subclavian
144
Q

Subclavian artery leads to

A

Auxillary
Brachial
forearm
radial and ulna

145
Q

External illiac extends to

A

lower limbs
femoral
politeal
anterior and interior tibial

146
Q

Venous return of blood in legs

A 
Anterior/interior tibial
Popliteal
Femoral
External and internal iliac
Common iliac
Inferior vena cava
147
Q

Venous return in upper limbs

A 
Radial and ulna
Brachial
Subclavian
Brachiocephalic
Superior vena cava
148
Q

Portal crculation

A

Involves two capillary beds on either side of a portal vessel.
Hepatic portal goes from intestines to liver, where nutrients are removed.

149
Q

Foetal circulation

A

Bypasses liver, lungs and GI tract

150
Q

Lymphatic tissues and organs

A

Thymus, spleen, lymph nodes

151
Q

Functions of lymphatic system

A

Body defense

Drainage of interstitial fluid

152
Q

Lymphatic drainage

A

Lymph capillaries ->Vessels -> trunks
Filters through nodes
Drains into thoraic duct (L. Subclavian) or right lymphatic duct (R. subclavian)

153
Q

Pericardium

A

Layers of tissue covering and protecting the heart.

154
Q

Serious pericardium

A

Double layered serous membrane that lies deep to fibrous pericardium.
- outer and inner layer

155
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

Dense, connective, elastic tissue.

Prevents heart from overfilling and anchors its positions

156
Q

3 layers of heart wall

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

157
Q

Endocardium

A

inner layer of heart – simple squamous, endothelium with small lamina propria

158
Q

Myocardium

A

middle layer of heart – cardiac muscle

159
Q

Epicardium

A

outer layer of heart – visceral pericardium.

  • Connective tissue w/ serous membrane
  • Coronary vessels run through it
160
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Pulmonary

aortic

161
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Tricuspid - R
Bicuspid - L
Anchored by chordae tendinae to papillary muscles

162
Q

Angiotherapy

A

Medical imaging technique used to examine patency of vessels

163
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Records electrical activity of the heart

164
Q

Lamina propria

A

Thin layer of loose areolar connective tissue, lying below epithelium. Constitutes mucosa w/ epithelium & basement membrane.

165
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

Group of tough, tendinous strands in heart. Important in holding AV valves in place whilst heart pumps blood

166
Q

Trabeculae carnae

A

Meaty ridges which project from inner surface of right ventricle of heart.

167
Q

Papillary muscles

A

muscles in ventricles of heart, attach to cusps of AV valves

168
Q

Pectinate muscles

A

parallel ridges in walls of atria of heart. Resemble teeth of a comb.

169
Q

Anastomosis

A

Interconnection between parts of a branching system forming a network

170
Q

3 circulatory shortcuts in foetus

A
  • Ductus venosus
  • Foramen ovale
  • Ductus arteriosus
171
Q

Ductus venosus

A

connects umbilical vein to inferior vena cava (bypasses liver)
Becomes ligamentum venosum after birth

172
Q

Foramen ovale

A

Connects right & left atria

Becomes fossa ovalis after birth

173
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

connects pulmonary trunk to arch of aorta

Becomes ligamentum arteriosum after birth

174
Q

P wave

A

Atrial depolarization and contraction

175
Q

QRS complex

A

Spread of electrical signal causing ventricular muscle contraction, and arterial relaxation

176
Q

T wave

A

Ventricle repolarised and relaxed

177
Q

QT interval

A

Time from ventricle contraction to relaxation

Neuroscience (22 decks)

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