Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Parapatric speciation

A

Occurs when a smaller population is isolated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

When a species evolves from a single ancestry whilst inhabiting the same geographical region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

when a biological population becomes separated and isolated from each other, causing them to evolve separately into different species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Molecular clock hypothesis

A

DNA and protein sequences evolve at a rate that is relatively constant over time + among different organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Genetic drift

A

random changes in allele frequencies caused by sampling error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Distantly related species show similar adaptations due to similar selection pressures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Succulent

A

fleshy stems store water, small leaves reduce water loss, spines deter herbivores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cacti vs euphorbs

A

Convergent adaptations to life in arid conditions - separated due human intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

THe molcular clock

A

Pairs of species compared for same protein - coding differences highly correlated with divergence derived from fossil data. Genetic differences appear at constant rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

neutral theory

A

genetic changes arent due to natural selection, but evolve randomly, are neutral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

synonymous mutation

A

change in codon doesnt result in chnage to resulting amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Microevolution

A

Changes in gene pool of an organism over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gene pool

A

all alleles of all genes of all individuals in a population, representing total genetic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Macroevolution

A

large-scale evolution that occurs at the level of species and above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is required for life?

A

Cool temperatures
Gravity
Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do cool temperatures promote life?

A

Allows molecules to keep shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does water promote life?

A
  • Solvent for molecules to interact

- Protection from radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Protosomes

A

Organisms whose mouth forms first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Deuterosomes

A

Organisms whose mouth forms second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

protozoan

A

first or primitive life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Metazoan

A

multicellular animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Diploblastic

A

containing two tissue layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Triploblastic

A

containing three tissue layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ectoderm

A

tissue (germ layer) in the outside - gives rise to skin and nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Mesoderm

A

middle germ layer - gives rise to notochord, muscle, kidney, blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

endoderm

A

inside germ layer - gives rise to internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Chordate

A

Animals with notochords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Notochord

A

‘chord in back’ first tissue to differentiate in chordates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Urochordate

A

animals with notochords in their tails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

cephalochordate

A

animals with notochords extending into their heads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Echinoderm

A

prickly skin- groups of animals which include sea urchins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Descriptive biology

A

experiments aiming to define normal embryonic development, w/ minimal disruption of the process. Lead to understanding what happens during development, but not how, no mechanistic insight into how cells achieve their normal fate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Experimental biology

A

Experiments which aim to define how embryonic development occurs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Morphogenesis

A

Process by which form is generated. Involves coordinated cell movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Gastrulation

A

Morphogenetic process by which endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm layers reach final positions in embryos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Neurulation

A

Morphogenetic process by which NS begins to forms, especially formation of the neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Blastomere

A

cell in early embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Fate map

A

Assessment of fate of cell or group of cells based on lineage labelling. Part of descriptive embryology, doesnt require disturbing development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

specification map

A

Assessment of what a cell or groups of cells will form if removed from embryonic environment. Experimental embryology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Determined

A

Cell/tissue is determined if it will still develop according to its fate. even when transplanted elsewhere in embryo.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Organizer

A

Dorsal mesoderm at gastrula stage, which induces overlying ectoderm to become neural and induces neighbouring mesoderm to become somitic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Nieuwkoop centre

A

region of early dorsal vegetal pole in blastula stage whihc induces the organiser

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Arabidopsis

A

Thale cress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Dictyostelium

A

Slime mould

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Hydra

A

Cnidarian

46
Q

Planarians

A

Flatworms

47
Q

Caenorhabditis

A

Nematode worm

48
Q

Drosophila

A

Fruit fly

49
Q

Parhyale

A

Amphipod crustacean

50
Q

Strongylocentrotus

A

Sea urchin

51
Q

Ciona

A

tunicate or sea squirt

52
Q

Brachiostoma

A

amphioxus

53
Q

Danio

A

zebrafish

54
Q

Xenopus

A

clawed frog

55
Q

gallus

A

chick

56
Q

Mus

A

mouse

57
Q

Advantages of parhyale hawaiensis

A
  • short generation time
  • genetics
  • sequenced genome
  • high regenerative capacity
  • transgenesis
  • transparent - imaging
58
Q

-zoa

A

life

59
Q

blast-

A

bud (embryonic)

60
Q

meta-

A

after

61
Q

noto-

A

back

62
Q

-uro

A

tail

63
Q

cephalo

A

head

64
Q

echino

A

spiny/ prickly

65
Q

Transplantation experiments aim

A

assess cells and tissues and whether they can alter the fate of their neighbors.
Experimental embryology

66
Q

Enforced expression or mutation of genes

A

Wrong place/time/level.
FInd out what happens.
Experimental embryology

67
Q

Mosaic development

A

Stage where cell fates are determined, able to become anything

68
Q

Regenerative development

A

stage where cell fates have been determined, but are reliant on neighbouring cells for signal

69
Q

Competence

A

Rage of cell fates available to cells/tissues , can be achieved depending on conditions.

70
Q

Example of cells which are competent to give rise to cell types it would not normally be specified or fated to form

A

Xenopus
Animal cap cells from blastula stage frog embryos - already fated to give rise to ectodermal tissue, are competent to form any cell in the embryo given the right signals

71
Q

Induction

A

Process by which a cell or tissue emits signals changing the fate of their neighbouring cells

72
Q

Example of induction in development

A

Induction of neural ectoderm by dorsal mesoderm at the gastrula stage (organiser experiment)

73
Q

Organiser experiment

A

Induction of neural ectoderm by dorsal mesoderm at gastrula stage

74
Q

Homeotic mutation

A

Mutation leading to transformation of one body structure into another, forms correctly but in wrong place

75
Q

Hox gene

A

family of clustered genes in genome which encode related transcription factors characterised by homeodomain

76
Q

Homeodomain

A

DNA binding domain

77
Q

Evidence that hox genes give positional identity along anterior - posterior axis

A

1) expression pattern
2) Comparative embryology
3) Gene knockout experiments

78
Q

How do gene knockout experiments give evidence that hox genes give positional identity along A-P axis

A

remove function of genes lose expression patterning. shows cells are involved in assigning AP patterning

79
Q

Tandem gene duplication

A

Unequal cross over due to chromosome mis pairing at meiosis - possibly caused by repeated DNA sequences
Can be segmental or whole duplications

80
Q

Segmental duplication

A

Giant tandem duplication, affecting whole chunk of chromosome

81
Q

Whole duplication events of genome

A

Can occur by:
Allotetraploidy-hybridization
Autotetraploidy

82
Q

Allotetraploidy

A

Hybridization between 2 separate species, formed by meiosis

83
Q

Autotetraploidy

A

duplication of genome through improper meiosis

84
Q

Homologous genes

A

2 genes you can see share a common answer: extends to paralogous and orthologous genes

85
Q

Paralogous genes

A

2 genes sharing a common ancestor within a single genome/organism

86
Q

Example of paralogous genes

A

Fetal haemoglobin + adult haemoglobin

87
Q

Orthologous genes

A

2 genes share common ancestor, across species

88
Q

Example of orthologous genes

A

human and frog insulin gene

89
Q

Gene redundancy

A

When no phenotype difference is observed when a gene is mutated due to another gene replacing function of mutated gene, essentially masking it.

90
Q

Paralogous genes in gene redundancy

A

Can mask effects of mutated gene. May receive novel functions - partial redundancy

91
Q

Somite

A

Segmented blocks in our bodies which give rise to vertebrae, body muscles and dermis in our body axis.

92
Q

Vertebrae

A

Morphological structure which can be used to assess AP positioning in the body

93
Q

HOw many rounds of tandem duplication has there been in mammals and vertebrates

A

2

94
Q

Potency

A

Range of cell fates available to cell or group of cells

95
Q

Founder effect

A

loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population forms by a very small number of individuals from a larger population

96
Q

Overdominance

A

condition wherein a heterozygote produces a phenotype better adapted than the homozygote

97
Q

Analogous genes

A

Structures with same function but different ancestors

98
Q

Directional selection

A

Occurs when conditions favour individuals exhibiting on extreme on a phenotypic range, shifting population frequency curve one way or the other

99
Q

Disruptive seletion

A

Occurs when conditions favour individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotype.

100
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

acts against both phenotypes and favours intermediate variants

101
Q

Transitional form

A

Individuals showing intermediate states between an ancestral form and that of its descendants

102
Q

Postzygotic isolation

A

reproductive isolation due to decreased fitness and inability to mate

103
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

Individuals genetic success is derived from cooperation and altruistic behaviour

104
Q

Hamilton’s law

A

r x B > C
B - benefit in number of offspring equivalents gained by recipient of altruism
C - cost suffered
r - genetic relatedness of altruist to beneficiary - possibility gene is shared

105
Q

In plants, the stage of sexual life cycle where cells are haploid is

A

gametophyte

106
Q

cytosine methylation is associated with

A

genomic imprinting

107
Q

Where is the SRY gene expressed

A

in the indifferent gonads of male embryos

108
Q

Evolution occurs under which conditions

A

heritable traits which vary between individuals and which lead to differential fitness

109
Q

Haplotype

A

Combination of closely linked SNPs or alleles on single chromosome

110
Q

john gurdon experiment

A

nuclei from differentiated cells from adult or tadpole can be reprogrammed

111
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

when dominant allele doesnt completely mask the effects of the recessive gene

Neuroscience (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions