Body Systems - Respiratory System

Question 1

Structures of the upper respiratory tract

Answer 1

Nose, pharynx, paranasal sinuses, larynx

Question 2

Functions of Respiratory System

Answer 2

• O2 for body tissues
• Removes CO2
• REgulates blood pH
• Pathogenic defense
• Produce sound
• Olfaction

Question 3

Functions of upper respiratory tract

Answer 3

• Warms, moistens and filters air
• Olfaction
• Resonates sound

Question 4

Functions of the nose

Answer 4

• Warms, moistens and filters air
• Contains smell receptors
• Modifies speech sounds

Question 5

Vibrissae

Answer 5

Hairs at entrance to nose which trap large dust particles

Question 6

Conchae

Answer 6

• Shelf-like projections from lateral wall

- Slows down air flow, produces turbulence, allowing more time to warm & moisten air

Question 7

Mucosa

Answer 7

• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
• Cilia waft mucous trapped particles to pharynx to be swallowed

Question 8

Function of rich capillary network in nose

Answer 8

Circulating blood warms air

Question 9

Functions of olfactory mucosa in nose

Answer 9

• Located in upper aspect of nose

- Contain receptors for smell

Question 10

Paranasal sinuses

Answer 10

• Air-filled spaces, lined with epithelium that drain into nasal cavity
• Lighten skull and resonate sound

Question 11

Lower respiratory tract consists of

Answer 11

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 12

Three regions of the pharynx

Answer 12

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Question 13

Main functions of the larynx

Answer 13

• Maintains open airway
• Prevents food and drink entering lower respiratory tract
• Sound production

Question 14

5 structures in the larynx

Answer 14

• thyroid cartilage
• cricoid cartilage
• epiglottis
• hyoid bone
• arytenoid cartilage

Question 15

epithelium lining the trachea

Answer 15

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 16

Functions of epithelium lining trachea

Answer 16

Forms mucociliary escalator

Question 17

Mucociliary escalator

Answer 17

Defense of the respiratory tract. Mucus and cilia covered epithelium. Cilia waft dust particles upwards, where they are swallowed at the pharynx

Question 18

How do the bronchi change as they branch off?

Answer 18

• Get smaller in diameter
• Amount of cartilage decreases
• Amount of smooth muscle increases
• Height of epithelial cells decreases

Question 19

Primary bronchi

Answer 19

• Supply both lungs
• Right is wider than left
• Possess c-shaped cartilage

Question 20

Structure of bronchioles

Answer 20

• no cartilage
• smooth muscle
• branch off

Question 21

Bronchioles possessing simple columnar epithelium with cilia

Answer 21

terminal bronchioles

Question 22

Bronchioles possessing simple cuboidal epithelia

Answer 22

Respiratory bronchioles

Question 23

Terminal bronchioles possess

Answer 23

• no goblet cells
• clara cells
• simple columnar epithelium
• cilia

Question 24

Features of respiratory bronchioles

Answer 24

• simple cuboidal epithelia
• clara cells
• no cilia
• alveoli extend from lumen
• lead to alveoli

Question 25

Pulmonary ventilation

Answer 25

THe physical movement of air into and out of the respiratory tract

Question 26

Function of pulmonary ventilation

Answer 26

• Ensures continuous O2 supply

- Prevents CO2 build up

Question 27

Muscles used in forced inspiration

Answer 27

a. Pectoralis major
b. Pectoralis minor
c. Scalenes
d. Serratus anterior
e. Sternocleoidomastoid

Question 28

From every 500ml Tidal volume, 150ml doesnt reach alveolar exchange surfaces - why?

Answer 28

Anatomical dead space

Question 29

Dalton’s law of partial pressure

Answer 29

The total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture

Question 30

Henry’s Law states that

Answer 30

at equilibrium, the amount of dissolved gas in solution α partial pressure of that gas

Question 31

Normal tidal volume per breath

Answer 31

500

Question 32

Normal frequency of breaths per minute

Answer 32

15

Question 33

How to measure airway resistance?

Answer 33

Spirometry