Body Systems - Respiratory System Flashcards
Structures of the upper respiratory tract
Nose, pharynx, paranasal sinuses, larynx
Functions of Respiratory System
- O2 for body tissues
- Removes CO2
- REgulates blood pH
- Pathogenic defense
- Produce sound
- Olfaction
Functions of upper respiratory tract
- Warms, moistens and filters air
- Olfaction
- Resonates sound
Functions of the nose
- Warms, moistens and filters air
- Contains smell receptors
- Modifies speech sounds
Vibrissae
Hairs at entrance to nose which trap large dust particles
Conchae
- Shelf-like projections from lateral wall
- Slows down air flow, produces turbulence, allowing more time to warm & moisten air
Mucosa
- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
- Cilia waft mucous trapped particles to pharynx to be swallowed
Function of rich capillary network in nose
Circulating blood warms air
Functions of olfactory mucosa in nose
- Located in upper aspect of nose
- Contain receptors for smell
Paranasal sinuses
- Air-filled spaces, lined with epithelium that drain into nasal cavity
- Lighten skull and resonate sound
Lower respiratory tract consists of
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Three regions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Main functions of the larynx
- Maintains open airway
- Prevents food and drink entering lower respiratory tract
- Sound production
5 structures in the larynx
- thyroid cartilage
- cricoid cartilage
- epiglottis
- hyoid bone
- arytenoid cartilage
epithelium lining the trachea
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
Functions of epithelium lining trachea
Forms mucociliary escalator
Mucociliary escalator
Defense of the respiratory tract. Mucus and cilia covered epithelium. Cilia waft dust particles upwards, where they are swallowed at the pharynx
How do the bronchi change as they branch off?
- Get smaller in diameter
- Amount of cartilage decreases
- Amount of smooth muscle increases
- Height of epithelial cells decreases
Primary bronchi
- Supply both lungs
- Right is wider than left
- Possess c-shaped cartilage
Structure of bronchioles
- no cartilage
- smooth muscle
- branch off
Bronchioles possessing simple columnar epithelium with cilia
terminal bronchioles
Bronchioles possessing simple cuboidal epithelia
Respiratory bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles possess
- no goblet cells
- clara cells
- simple columnar epithelium
- cilia
Features of respiratory bronchioles
- simple cuboidal epithelia
- clara cells
- no cilia
- alveoli extend from lumen
- lead to alveoli
Pulmonary ventilation
THe physical movement of air into and out of the respiratory tract
Function of pulmonary ventilation
- Ensures continuous O2 supply
- Prevents CO2 build up
Muscles used in forced inspiration
a. Pectoralis major
b. Pectoralis minor
c. Scalenes
d. Serratus anterior
e. Sternocleoidomastoid
From every 500ml Tidal volume, 150ml doesnt reach alveolar exchange surfaces - why?
Anatomical dead space
Dalton’s law of partial pressure
The total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture
Henry’s Law states that
at equilibrium, the amount of dissolved gas in solution α partial pressure of that gas
Normal tidal volume per breath
500
Normal frequency of breaths per minute
15
How to measure airway resistance?
Spirometry
