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Neuroscience > Excitable cells > Flashcards

Excitable cells Flashcards

1
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Large tract of white matter containing axons linking the left & right sides of the cerebral cortex

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2
Q

Cerebral cortex forms from the

A

telecephalon

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3
Q

Rhombencephalon gives rise to the

A

cerebellum
medulla oblongata
pons

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4
Q

Dendritic spines

A

Involved in sensory input.

Related disorders include mental retardation and foetal alcohol syndrome.

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5
Q

Forebrain/prosencephalon consists of the

A

telecephalon and diencephalon

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6
Q

Rhombencephalon functions

A

oldest part of the brain

controls attention and sleep

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7
Q

Ataxia

A

Disorder of cerebellum

Causes a lack of coordination

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8
Q

Cerebellum function

A

motor planning

coordination of movement

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9
Q

Degeneration of the substantia nigra is associated with which disease?

A

Parkinson’s disease

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10
Q

Over-activity of the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic pathways is linked to

A

Schizophrenia

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11
Q

Peak in the folding of the cortex

A

Gyrus

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12
Q

Troughs in folding of nucleus

A

Sulci

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13
Q

Dendrites

A

Branched projections from the neurone’s cell body. Form synapses with axons of other neurones and contain receptors to respond to neurotransmitters

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14
Q

Type of glial cell that myelinates neurones in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocyte

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15
Q

Microfilament

A

Actin polymer
Thinner part of cytoskeleton
Mediates changes in cell shape

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16
Q

Where does sensory information enter the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal root

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17
Q

Where does motor information leave the spinal cord

A

Ventral root

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18
Q

Where is the pons and medulla contained?

A

Brain stem

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19
Q

Thalamus

A

Controls input to the cortex

Located at the centre of the brain

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20
Q

T/F Axons are present in gray and white matter

A

TRUE

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21
Q

Where is the voltage sensor of the voltage-gated sodium channel located?

A

4th transmembrane domain due to positive charges allowing it to move in response to changes in the membrane field.

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22
Q

Main functions of the ANS

A
  • Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle
  • The rate and force of the heartbeat
  • All exocrine and some endocrine secretions
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23
Q

What happens to the overall charge of the cell if K+ leaves?

A

Negative charge created - opposes further movement of K+ out of the cell. Limited K+ required to create the charge.

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24
Q

Capacitance

A

Ratio of the change in an electric charge in a system to the corresponding change in its electric potential

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25
Q

What cells produce myelin sheath in the PNS?

A

Schwann cell

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26
Q

Allosteric modulator

A

Binds the receptor at a different site to alter how receptor responds to ligand

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27
Q

Example of ionotropic acetylcholine receptor?

A

nicotinic

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28
Q

example of metabotropic receptors?

A

mAChR
Dopamine
GabaB

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29
Q

What type of receptor is a voltage-gated sodium channel?

A

GPCR

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30
Q

Stroke involves

A

reduced blood flow and oxygen to the brain

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31
Q

Gap junction channels are composed of…

A

6 connexin subunits form a connexon. 2 connexons form a gap junction.

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32
Q

Cytokines

A

Small proteins involved in all forms of disease and injury

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33
Q

What type of receptor is a voltage-gated sodium channel?

A

GPCR

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34
Q

Electrical synapse transmission occurs at sites known as…

A

Gap junction

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35
Q

Gap junction channels are composed of…

A

6 connexin subunits form a connexon. 2 connexons form a gap junction.

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36
Q

Categories of neurotransmitter

A

Amino acid
Amine
Peptide

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37
Q

Action potential firing is dependent on:

A
  • Net sign of combined input
  • Strength of synaptic input
  • Location of synapse
  • Firing frequency of presynaptic neuron
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38
Q

In response to a stimulus above the threshold potential, the size of a neuronal action potential…

A

is independent of the stimulus size

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39
Q

The inactivation gate of the voltage gated sodium channel is also known as the…

A

h gate

40
Q

Voltage gated sodium channels are blocked by…

A

Local anaesthetics

41
Q

Use of cell-attached patch clamp configuration?

A

To record currents through a limited number (1-2) active channels at cell surface

42
Q

Use of inside-out patch clamp configuration?

A

Record currents through single active channel away from cell

43
Q

Use of outside-out patch clamp configuration?

A

Records currents through single active channel away from cell

44
Q

Use of whole-cell patch clamp configuration?

A

Record currents through active channels in whole cell.

45
Q

Advantages of cell-attached patch clamp configuration?

A

Good for looking at single channel currents in response to regulation of channels by cell

46
Q

Advantages of inside-out patch clamp configuration?

A

Can look at agents that modulate channel by working at its intracellular face

47
Q

Advantages of outside-out patch clamp configuration?

A

For looking at agents that modulate channel by working at its extracellular face

48
Q

Advantages of whole-cell patch clamp configuration?

A

Good for looking at cell currents in response to drugs added from outside, or regulation of channels by cells

49
Q

Advantages of myelination

A

Speed
Compactness of neurones
Energy efficiency

50
Q

Why are cytoplasmic levels of calcium very low?

A

It is sequestered into intracellular stores very quickly

51
Q

What sodium channel blocker do dinoflagellates produce which causes red-time shell fish poisoning?

A

Saxitoxin

52
Q

How many subunits do nicotinic acetylcholine receptors contain? what does this make them?

A

pentamers

53
Q

the electrochemical gradient of ion across the cell membranes determines…

A

the movement of ions through channels in the cell membrane

54
Q

what does fick’s law describe?

A

the rate of diffusion of a molecule

55
Q

An example of an ion that is biochemically, but not physiologically useful in neurons is

A

Mg2+

56
Q

What toxin do foxgloves produce?

A

digoxin

57
Q

The production of what toxin by symbiotic bacteria is utilised by puffer fish as a defence mechanism

A

tetrodotoxin

58
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome

A

Disease where the Schwann cells insulating alpha motor neurones are attacked

59
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

involves destruction of the nigro-striatal pathway in the brain

60
Q

Which GABA receptor is ionotropic

A

GABAa

ligand-gated Cl channel

61
Q

Which GABA receptor is metabotropic?

A

GABAb

62
Q

Calcium release mechanism in skeletal muscle…

A

DHP receptor (L type Ca channel) acts as voltage sensor, and is mechanically coupled to ryanodine receptor which allow Ca passage

63
Q

Calcium release mechanism in cardiac muscle…

A

Calcium Induced Calcium Release

64
Q

SNARE proteins

A

Present on the vesicle membrane and cytoplasmic membrane, it facilitates vesicle fusion upon binding together.

65
Q

Clathrin

A

Protein involved in budding and recycling of synaptic vesicles

66
Q

Botulinum toxin

A

Cleaves SNARE proteins, preventing ACh release resulting in fatal paralysis

67
Q

Horizontal cells

A

Respond to light intensity, inhibitory, prevent responses to single photoreceptors being activated.

68
Q

Retinal ganglion cells

A

Process images before brain, and has role in colour coordination.

69
Q

Umami, sweet and bitter taste receptors are…

A

GPCRs

70
Q

Sour taste receptors are

A

TRP channels

71
Q

Mechano hair cells in ears depolarise due to an influx of…

A

Calcium ions

72
Q

interaural time difference

A

Position of sound source is detected by comparing the time of the sound arrival to both ears.

73
Q

Semicircular canals in ears

A

Detect head rotations

74
Q

Otolith organs

A

In ears, use CaCO3 to detect force of gravity and acceleration.

75
Q

Terminal cisternae

A

Portion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, adjacent to t-tubules. They contain ryanoidine receptors which open allowing calcium influx.

76
Q

A sensory receptor that responds to a skeletal muscle being stretched is a

A

Muscle spindle

77
Q

Proprioceptors which respond to muscle stretching.

A

Muscle spindles

78
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Memory loss for event prior to trauma

79
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to lay down new memories

80
Q

Hebb’s rule

A

Repeated and strong activation between synapses, enhances their connection.

81
Q

Evidence for activity dependent synaptic plasticity

A

Density of AMPA receptors in hippocampus reduced when activity deprived.

82
Q

drug which increases duration of openings of GABAA receptors

A

Barbiturate

83
Q

Drosophila mutant which shows a defect in cAMP phosphodiesterase

A

Dunce

84
Q

Channel which can be blocked by Mg2+ ions

A

NMDA receptors

85
Q

Sodium channel activated by glutamate

A

AMPA receptor

86
Q

Retrograde signalling molecule released by neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus

A

Nitric oxide

87
Q

Where in the axon does the AP begin

A

Hillcock

88
Q

How do neurons encode information

A

Frequency modulation

89
Q

Type of memory encoding for learnt skills

A

Procedural

90
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Sedatives, anti-epilepsy and anti-anxiety drugs. They work by increasing the opening frequency of the GABAA receptor chloride channel, increasing neuronal inhibition.

91
Q

Startle disease

A

Caused by mutation in glycine receptors

92
Q

Glycine receptors

A

inhibitory ligand-gated Cl channels heavily expressed in the spinal cord. Mutations cause hyperekplexia, an exaggerated startle reflex

93
Q

area of tissue damaged in a stroke or HA.

A

Infarct

94
Q

Key substances in excitotoxicity

A

Calcium
NO
Glutamate - linked to tissue damage
Interleukin 1 - inflammation

95
Q

which cells handle glutamate uptake in the brain

A

Astrocytes

96
Q

The depolarisation phase of action potentials in Paramecium is based around which ion

A

Ca2+

Reverses ciliary beat

97
Q

Capacitance

A

Separation of electrical charges across an insulating material.

Neuroscience (22 decks)

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