Development

Question 1

First region in embryo to gastrulate

Answer 1

Grey crescent region

Question 2

Waddington landscape states that cell fate and and potency…

Answer 2

Cell fates becomes more restricted with time, and cell fate decisions are irreversible.
Potency decreases with time

Question 3

Mechanisms of gene duplication include:

Answer 3

Tandem, Whole genome & Segmental duplication’s

Question 4

What did Gurdon and Yamanaka’s experiments show?

Answer 4

Adult cells can be reprogrammed to an embryonic pluripotent state.
Differentiated cells retain all genes required for development of an organism.

Question 5

Dictostelium discoidum used for study of

Answer 5

Social behaviour
Cheating
Altruism

Question 6

Arsbidopsis thaliana is what sort of model

Answer 6

Genetically tractable plant model

Question 7

Caenorhabditis elegans are useful in studying reproduction and

Answer 7

self-reproduction in hermaphrodites

Question 8

Drosophila melanogaster is what sort of genetic model

Answer 8

Genetically tractable insect model

Question 9

Ciona intestinalis

Answer 9

basal chordate

Question 10

Danio rerio’s embryos possess what feature and how is this useful

Answer 10

Transparent embryos, external development

Question 11

Xenopus laevis are useful for studying

Answer 11

Good system for transplantation experiments, external development

Question 12

Mus musculus useful to study as

Answer 12

Strong genetics, mammal

Question 13

2 mechanisms of subfunctionalisation

Answer 13

• Change protein sequence

- Change time/place of expression

Question 14

Allotetraploidy

Answer 14

Hybridization between two separate species

Question 15

Autotetraploidy

Answer 15

Duplication of genome through improper meiosis

Question 16

Paralogous gene

Answer 16

Homologous genes that have evolved by duplication and code for protein with similar, but not identical functions

Question 17

Orthologous gene

Answer 17

Genes descending from a common ancestor encoding proteins with the same function in different species

Question 18

Evidence that hox gene expression gives positional identity along A-P axis

Answer 18

Expression pattern
Comparative embryology
Gene knockout experiments

Question 19

How are vertebrae hox genes generated?

Answer 19

Through tandem and segmental duplication events

Question 20

How are hox genes expressed?

Answer 20

In spatial domains along AP

Question 21

Hox genes possess spatial collinearity, what is this?

Answer 21

Order of expression domains of Hox genes along A–P axis of embryo corresponds with the order of the genes along the chromosome

Question 22

Hox genes possess temporal collinearity, what is this?

Answer 22

Correlation between the spatial ordering of Hox genes within their clusters (3′ –> 5′) and the time of their first expression (earlier to later) during embryonic development

Question 23

What is a hox gene?

Answer 23

A set of transcription factors which code for the A-P axis and determine each body segment in organisms (mainly in early embryonic development).

Question 24

Forward genetics

Answer 24

Screen for phenotypes first

Then identifies the genetic basis which gives rise to phenotype

Question 25

Genetic basis

Answer 25

Which genes are mutated

Question 26

Reverse genetics

Answer 26

Begin with gene and ask what phenotype arises if that gene is mutated.
By knocking out or mutating the gene and then observe the phenotype.

Question 27

Where are all the hox genes positioned in the genome?

Answer 27

Clustered next to each other.

Question 28

Lower number hox genes are encode segments located….

Answer 28

Anterior

Question 29

Higher numbered hox genes encode segments located….

Answer 29

Posterior

Question 30

Spatial collinearity

Answer 30

Arrangement of hox genes anterior to posterior

Question 31

Temporal collinearity

Answer 31

Arrange of hox genes based on time of expression. Anterior are expressed earlier than posterior.

Question 32

Effects of radiation

Answer 32

• Aplastic anemia
• Nausea and vomiting
• Loss of hair

Question 33

Aplastic anemia

Answer 33

Decrease in blood counts

Caused by radiation

Question 34

First method found to repopulate blood lineages long term

Answer 34

In vivo bone marrow transplantation or hematopoietic stem cells

Question 35

Conditions treated with bone marrow transplants

Answer 35

Myeloid leukemia

Lethally irradiated individauls