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LIEK Review > GU 1 > Flashcards

GU 1 Flashcards

1
Q

AKI is characterized by what

A

rapid decrease in renal function and elevated serum creatinine

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2
Q

AKI - patient presents with
6

A

onset of oliguria
edema
weight gain (fluid retention)
lethargy
nausea
loss of appetite

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3
Q

some of the most common causes of drug induced AKI include
5

A

aminoglycosides
contrast agents
NSAIDs
ACE inhibitors
protease inhibitors

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4
Q

acute pyelonephritis - patient presents with
6

A

acute onset of high fever
chills
NV
dysuria
frequent urination
unilateral flank pain

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5
Q

elderly patient who smokes presents with painless hematuria

A

think bladder cancer

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6
Q

classic triad for rhabdomyolysis

A

acute onset of muscle pain
muscle weakness
dark urine (myoglobinuria)

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7
Q

water is reabsorbed back into the body by the action of
2

A

antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone

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8
Q

creatinine is the

A

product of creatine metabolism in skeletal muscle

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9
Q

normal creatinine values - males and females

A

males - 0.7 to 1.3
females - 0.6 to 1.1

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10
Q

serum creatinine levels may be falsely decreased in people with

A

low muscle volume/older adults

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11
Q

creatinine clearance ___ urine test

A

24 hour urine test

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12
Q

creatinine clearance is a test ordered to evaluate patients with
3

A

proteinuria
albuminuria
microalbuminuria

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13
Q

best test to measure kidney function

A

eGFR

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14
Q

normal eGFR

A

> 90 ml/min

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15
Q

eGFR - a value of what indicates CKD

A

<60 ml/min for at least 3 months

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16
Q

the GFR is the

A

amount of fluid filtered by the glomerulus within a certain unit of time

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17
Q

what is a better measure of renal function than BUN or BUN to creatinine ratio (BUN:Cr)

A

serum creatinine

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18
Q

how is urea made

A

the liver breaks down amino acids into ammonia and then converts it into urea

19
Q

BUN is a measure of what

A

the kidneys’ ability to excrete urea (waste product of protein metabolism)

20
Q

if the kidneys are damaged or the renal blood flow is decreased, what happens to urea levels

A

becomes elevated

21
Q

what is relatively constant and is not affected by fluid status, diet, or exercise

A

creatinine clearance

22
Q

what is not at a constant rate and may increase with a high protein diet and enhanced tissue breakdown

A

urea production (BUN)

23
Q

a decrease in the blood flow of the kidneys will ____ the BUN:Cr ratio

A

increase

24
Q

BUN-to-creatinine ratio is used to help evaluate what
3

A

dehydration
hypovolemia
AKI

25
Q

this ratio is useful for classifying the type of failure

A

bun-to-creatinine ratio

26
Q

a rise in bun-to-creatinine ratio is suggestive of

A

decrease kidney perfusion (prerenal disease)

27
Q

a complete UA consists of three components

A

gross evaluation
dipstick analysis
microscopic exam of urine sediment

28
Q

urinalysis with microscopic exam should be performed in a patient with
3

A

acute or chronic reduction in GFR or unexplained albuminuria or in a patient with suspected kidney disease

29
Q

large amount of squamous epithelial cells in the urine

A

urine sample indicates contamination

30
Q

a few epithelial cells in urine sample

A

considered normal

31
Q

normal amount of WBCs in urine sample

A

less than or equal to 2-5

32
Q

UA - marker for the presence of WBCs

A

leukocyte esterase

33
Q

UA - presence of neutrophils

A

commonly associated with bacteria

34
Q

UA - leukocytes in urine (pyuria)

A

almost always present in males with acute cystitis

35
Q

RBCs in urine - normal

A

few RBCs < 3 cells is normal

36
Q

microscopic hematuria refers to

A

RBCs that are visible only by microscopy

37
Q

gross hematuria means

A

you can see the blood in the urine

38
Q

what in the urine suggests CKD

A

protein

39
Q

protein in urine - evaluate what

A

serum creatinine and eGFR and send midstream urine for microscopic exam

40
Q

isolated proteinuria

A

proteinuria without abnormalities in the urinary sediment and normal kidney function

41
Q

proteinuria without abnormalities in the urinary sediment and normal kidney function is referred to as

A

isolated proteinuria

42
Q

transient proteinuria is common in who

A

patients 18 years or younger and among young adults

43
Q

transient proteinuria is diagnosed if a repeat test is

A

no longer positive for proteinuria

44
Q

benign causes of proteinuria include
5

A

fever
intense physical activity
acute illness
dehydration
emotional stress

LIEK Review (44 decks)

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