Endo 1 Flashcards
triad of DKA
anion gap metabolic acidosis
ketonemia
hyperglycemia
signs of volume depletion in both DKA and HHS include
5
decreased skin turgor
dry axillae and oral mucosa
low JVP
tachycardia
hypotension
physiologic causes of hyperprolactinemia
3
pregnancy
breastfeeding
stress
pheochromocytoma
rare hormone-releasing adrenal tumor that generally occurs in persons age 20-50
addison’s disease
aka primary adrenal insufficiency, is a rare disease in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough essential hormones, resulting in mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid deficiency
aka primary adrenal insufficiency, is a rare disease in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough essential hormones, resulting in mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid deficiency
Addison’s disease
fatigue, weight loss, GI issues, depression, hyperpigmentations, salt craving - think
Addison’s disease
addison’s disease - electrolytes
3
hyponatremia
hyperkalemia
hypercalcemia
cushing’s disease
pituitary hypersecretion of ACTH
pituitary hypersecretion of ACTH
Cushing’s disease
Cushing’s disease s/sx
9
increased adipose tissues - moon face, neck (buffalo hump), above the clavicles
easily bruised
striae
skin atrophy
fungal infections
hyperpigmentation
weight gain
HTN
fractures
cushing’s syndrome electrolytes
2
hypokalemia
hypernatremia
initial first line test for cushing’s disease
late night salivary cortisol (two measurements), 24 hour urinary free cortisol excretion (two measurements), or the overnight 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test
criteria for pre DM
3
- A1c between 5.7-6.4
OR - fasting glucose 100-125
OR - 2 hour OGTT 140-199
dx criteria for DM
4
- A1c 6.5 or greater
OR
-FPG 126 or greater
OR - classic symptoms of hyperglycemia + random blood glucose 200 or more
OR - 2 hour plasma glucose 200 or more during OGTT
preferred screening test for evaluating for protein excretion (DM)
urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio
FBG for DM patients
80-130
postprandial glucose goal for DM patients
< 180
DM BP goal
<130/80
when to hold metformin for IV contrast dye testing
hold metformin on day of procedure and 48 hours after
sulfonylureas MOA
3
stimulates the beta cells of the pancreas to secrete more insulin; reduced glucose output from the liver; insulin sensitivity is increased
which DM med is not to be used in patients with HF
TZD
DM med that may cause pancreatitis; associated with benign and malignant thyroid C cell tumors
GLP 1 receptor agonists - exenatide/Byetta, liraglutide/Victoza
avoid in patients with frequent bacterial UTIs or yeast infection - DM med
SGLT2 inhibitors
-gliflozin
SGLT2 I
which two DM meds should be avoided together
GLP 1 and DPP4
rapid acting insulin
humalog - insulin lispro
short acting insulin
regular insulin - give 30 mins before meals
intermediate acting insulin
NPH
NPH insulin needs to be administered at least ____ a day
twice
basal insulin
2
Lantus - glargine
Levermir - detemir
basal insulin is given how often
once a day at the same time
in patients with CVD and/or CKD, HFfEF - consider what DM meds
SLGT2 I and/or GLP1 receptor agonist
