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PMP 201 Patient-Centred Learning > Granules and Granulation > Flashcards

Granules and Granulation Flashcards

1
Q

Powders

A

Usually a mixture of fine powders, including active ingredient, colours, flavours and sweetening agents

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2
Q

Granules

A
  • Comprise powder particles that have been aggregated to from large particles sufficiently robust to withstand handling
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3
Q

Examples of pharmacutical powder

A
  • Amoxicillin
  • Ciplofloxin
  • Laxative sachets
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4
Q

Pharmaceutical granules

A
  • Colchicine to treat gout
  • Cholecalciferol (Vit D3) for osteoporosis
  • Pyronaridine as antimalarial
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5
Q

Granulation

A
  • Dry primary powders are processed to adhere to larger multi particulate entities
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6
Q

Small granules

A
  • 0.2 to 0.4 mm
  • Usually used as intermediates to be
    mixed with other excipients prior to
    tablet compaction or capsule filling
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7
Q

Large granules

A
  • Often dosage forms in their own right
  • 1 to 4 mm
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8
Q

Reasons for granulation of powders

A
  • Loosely packed
  • Poor flowability
  • Not uniform
  • Dusty
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9
Q

Reasons for granulation of granules

A
  • Denser
  • Good flowability
  • Uniform
  • Reduce dust
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10
Q

Reasons for granulation

A
  • Prevention of the segregation of constituents of a powder mix
  • Improve flow of properties in powder mix
  • Improve compaction of powders and uniformity of mix
  • decrease toxic dust
  • Decrease caking and increase bulk density less storage space
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11
Q

Prevention of segregation after sieving powder

A
  • Small dense particles
    to the bottom and large less dense particles to the top
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12
Q

Prevention of segregation after sieving of granules

A

Granules prevent
segregation of the
constituents of a
powder mix

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13
Q

Sifting segregation

A
  • Up and down motion to segregate into a container
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14
Q

Trajectory segregation

A
  • Side to side motion in a screw conveyor
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15
Q

Fluidisation segregation

A
  • Up and down motion seperating course particles and fluidised fine layers
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16
Q

Angle of repose segregation

A
  • Stone pile where granules fall to either side
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17
Q

Flowability angle of repose

A
  • Angle of repose
  • 25-35 degrees good to excellent
  • 36-45 degrees fair to passable
  • 45-65 degrees poor to very poor
  • > 66 degrees very very poor
18
Q

Tapped density (Df)

A

Weight of sample/volume of powder after tapping until fully settled

19
Q

Bulk density (Do)

A

Weight of sample/Volume of powder when poured into cylinder

20
Q

Carr’s index

A
  • Df - Do / Df x 100
  • Measures strength and stability
  • <10 excellent flow property
  • > 38 very very poor
21
Q

Hausner ratio

A
  • Do/Df
  • Measure of interparticulate friction
  • 1.00-1.11is excellent flow property
  • > 1.60 very very poor
22
Q

Wet granulation step 1

A
  • Blend powder solid drug with excipients
23
Q

Wet granulation step 2

A
  • Binder (solvent water and ethanol)
  • Adhesion and cohesion forces formed due to liquid bridges formed
  • Formation of blackberry structure from vander waals and electrostatic forces mechanicaly interlocking
24
Q

Sugars and natural binder examples

A
  • Sucrose
  • Liquid glucose
  • Starch paste
  • Cellulose
  • Alginic acid
  • Gelatin
25
Q

Synthetic/semi-synthetic polymers

A
  • Methyl cellulose
  • Ethyl cellulose
  • Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
  • Hydroxypropyl cellulose
  • Polyvinal alcohol
26
Q

Wet granulation step 3

A
  • The moist mass is pressed through a sieve to size granules
  • Mass too moist string forms
  • If mass too dry the granules will fall appart
  • Screw feed extruder - axial and radial
  • Gravity feed extruder - Cylinder/Gear
27
Q

Wet granulation step 4

A
  • Primary granules held together by solid bridges hardening binding agent
  • Bridges of crystalised drug or excipient from patiral melting/recrystalisation
28
Q

Wet granulation step 5

A
  • Dried granules are passed through sieve shaker
29
Q

Limitations of wet granulation: Cost

A
  • Granulation is an expensive process because of labour, time, equipment, energy and space requirements
30
Q

Limitations of wet granulation: stability and loss of material

A
  • Moisture-sensitive or thermolabile
    drugs, as well as those exhibiting polymorphisms
  • Loosing materials during stages of process
31
Q

Limitations of wet granulation: Multiple processing step

A
  • Complexity and make validation and
    control difficult
32
Q

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High-shear granulation equipment

A
  • Shear and compaction force exerted by the impeller causes Mixing, densification and agglomeration achieved through
33
Q

Equipment for fluid-bed granulation

A
  • Spraying a binder solution onto a fluidized powder bed
34
Q

Extrusion-spheronization

A
  • Extrudate strands feed rolls cause breakdown into cylinderical pellets
35
Q

Spray-drying granulation

A
  • Use liquid feed into atomiser add drying gas into drying chamber
  • Dry particles collected
36
Q

Dry granulation Step 1

A
  • Add dry powder which contains drug and excipients
37
Q

Dry granulation step 2

A
  • Compression of dry powder using roller compaction
  • Powder mix is squeezed between two rollers forming flakes
38
Q

Dry granulation step 3

A
  • Slugging to prepare large tablets that are 25mm in diameter and 10-15mm thick
  • The slug tablets from compression machine is placed on the oscillatting granulator (milling machine)
39
Q

Dry granulation step 4

A
  • Granules are passed through sieve shaker to form sized granules
40
Q

Limitations of dry granulation

A
  • High force/pressure involved in compaction
  • More likely to generate dust and cause environmental contamination

PMP 201 Patient-Centred Learning (51 decks)

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