Epidemiology of the infectious disease, the transmission routes, and the antimicrobial spectrum of activity

Question 1

Agent

Answer 1

A substance, living or non-living, or a force, the excessive presence or relative lack of which may initiate a disease process

Question 2

Biological agent examples

Answer 2

• Bacteria
• Virus
• Fungi

Question 3

Physical agent

Answer 3

• Cold
• Heat
• Radiation

Question 4

Chemical agent

Answer 4

• Uric acid
• Bilirubin

Question 5

Infection

Answer 5

Entry and development or multiplication of an infectious
agent in the body of human or animals

Question 6

Transmission of infection

Answer 6

Spread of infectious agent through the environment to another person from the reservoir and source

Question 7

Host

Answer 7

• Person or animial including birds or anthropods infections under natural conditions

Question 8

Barriers to immunity

Answer 8

• Mucus - trap expelled pathogens
• Skin
• Acidity - Protect UI tract

Question 9

Innate immunity

Answer 9

• Immediate response swelling and redness present allowing immune cells to reach injury site

Question 10

Adaptive immunity

Answer 10

• Kill pathogen infected cells and stimulate B cells
• B cells make antibodies specific pathogen

Question 11

Mode of transmission

Answer 11

• How resillient the pathogen is when outside the host
• Only short period outside host direct contact/transmission via droplets

Question 12

Three major ways pathogens can be transmitted

Answer 12

• Transmission between humans
• Via environmental factors (such as soil or water)
• Between humans and animals

Question 13

Human to human transmission - Aerosol

Answer 13

• Transfer pathogen via resp system by cough/sneezing

Question 14

Robust pathogens

Answer 14

• Infective for longer period of times termed as airbourne
• Fragile pathogen only survives short periods when encased in respiratory secretions droplet

Question 15

Direct contact

Answer 15

• Skin contact and mucus membrane contact
• Ringworm, chickenpox and cold sore

Question 16

Indirect contact

Answer 16

• Pathogen enters new host via another surface
• fomites are objects that facillitate transmission of pathogen

Question 17

Feacal-oral route

Answer 17

• Pathogen excreated by gut and it enters new host via mouth
• Cholera, Hepatitis A, Rotavirus and most intestinal worms

Question 18

Transmission of blood-borne pathogens

Answer 18

• Unsafe injection and contaminated transfusion blood to blood

Question 19

Environmental transmission

Answer 19

• Natural reservoir for pathogens that can cause human infection
  are various environmental sites such as soil and water

Question 20

Water causing transmission

Answer 20

• Bacteria, bacterial spores, toxins viruses and protozoa
  survive and replicate within water without a human host

Question 21

Prevention environmental transmission

Answer 21

• Safe water supply and adequate sanitisation preventing spread of diarrhoeal infection

Question 22

Zoonoses

Answer 22

• Animal to human
• Avian influenza - Saliva or feaces ingest or inhale or bite such as rabies

Question 23

Vector bourne transmission

Answer 23

• Pathogen in human host must take place in another species known as vector
• Malaria by mosquitoes, ticks

Question 24

Spectrum of antibiotic activity

Answer 24

• Types of antimicrobial targets
• Only specific groups narrow spectrum

Question 25

Broad spectrum antibiotics

Answer 25

• Antibiotics that
  target both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

Question 26

When can penicillin be used

gram positive

Answer 26

• S.pneuomia
• Strep pyogenes

Question 27

When can flucloxacillin and dicloxacillin

gram positive

Answer 27

• Also used for Staph aureus, S.pneuomia & Strep pyogenes

Question 28

Amoxicillin/clavulanate

Gram positive and negative bacteria

Answer 28

• Influenza
• Miningitis
• E coli
• Protus mirabillis
• Staph aureus, S.pneuomia & Strep pyogenes

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