Cardiovascular disease

Question 1

What are cardiovascular diseases

Answer 1

Disorders of coagulation and also problems caused to other organs due to issues with blood supply

Question 2

Main types of cardiovascular diseases

Answer 2

• Coronary heart disease - Angina (Not enough oxygen), Myocardial infraction (death of muscle)
• Stroke and transient ischemic attack
• Peripheral arterial disease
• Aortic disease

Question 3

Epidemology of CVD

Answer 3

• 7 mil people living with it
• Cause 1/4 of deaths and premature

Question 4

Diabetes

Answer 4

• Blood sugar levels are elevated for a prolonged period of time causing damage to inner lining of blood vessel
• Risk factor for CVD

Question 5

High cholesterol

Answer 5

• High levels of LDL is associated in risk factor for CVD
• Lower target cholesterol levels

Question 6

Air pollution

Answer 6

• Risk factor significantly impacting circulatory health

Question 7

Smoking

Answer 7

• 1 in 8 adults smoke cigarettes
• Risk factor to CVD

Question 8

Overweight and obesity

Answer 8

• 1 in 6 heart and circulatory disease deaths related to BMI

Question 9

PRIMARY prevention

Answer 9

• Alter modifiable risks
  to reduce incidence in disease-free individuals or in the population.
• Discuss lifestyle repeat check ups

Question 10

SECONDARY prevention

Answer 10

strategies target individuals with established disease has an ‘event’, to reduce morbidity and mortality

Question 11

Non-acquired CVD

Answer 11

• Due to lifestyle can be preventable
• Influenced by non-modifiable risk factor

Question 12

Risk Stratification

Answer 12

• Early intervention for patients over the age of 40 record in medical notes

Question 13

Hypertension with type 2 diabetes OR without type 2 and not African (<55)

Answer 13

Step 1 - ACEi/ARB
Step 2 - + CCB/Thiazide -like diuretic
Step 3 - both Thiazide and Calcium CB

Question 14

Hypertension and type 2 >55 and African

Answer 14

Step 1 - CCB
Step 2 - + ACEi/ARB or Thiazide -like diuretic
Step 3 - both Thiazide and CCB

Question 15

Q-risk

Answer 15

• 10% chance carry out treatment effect in the next 10 yrs

Question 16

Hyperlipidemia with risk assessment

Answer 16

• Assess using Q-risk for the next 10 yrs
  With type 2 higher dose

Question 17

Hyperlipidemia without risk assessment

Answer 17

• Primary prevention for those with type 1 diabetes

Question 18

Secondary prevention CHD

Answer 18

• Coronary arteries become narrowed build of atheroma
• Pain and angina
• CHD and MI twice likely for stroke

Question 19

Acute Coronary Syndrome

Answer 19

• Rupture/erosion of an
  atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent thrombus formation

Question 20

Thrombus PRIMARY treatment

Answer 20

• Primarily due to platelet aggregation under high stress
• Immediate treatment will often involve PCI or CABG

Question 21

Secondary treatment thrombus

Answer 21

antiplatelet therapy – aspirin, clopidogrel, ticagrelor,
prasugrel

Question 22

ISCHAEMIC STROKE

Answer 22

• A blockage where a small blood clot lodges in a vessel narrowed by an atheroma
• Blocks oxygenation of the affected part of the brain

Question 23

PERIPHERAL ARTERY
DISEASE

Answer 23

• Build up of fatty deposits restrict blood supply to legs
• Tiredness of legs due to restricted blood flow
• second p
  rev antiplatelets aspirin

Question 24

ARRYTHMIAS

Answer 24

• Control heart rate and rhythm to prevent arrest
• Prophylactic medication required to prevent stroke as primary prevention
• Incomplete ventricular
  emptying leads to clot formation, which can travel to the brain and cause a stroke