Governement and Dissent 1964-74 Flashcards
who was Malcom X and what did he want to do?
- assassinated in 1965
- turned against chistianity (white perosn’s religion) / wanted to create new county (‘the Nation of Islam’)
- believed in seperation of white society / made ppl take pride in being black/their culture
- part of black power movement
- worked with MLK in 1964
who were the Black Panthers and what did they do?
Civil Rights Activist
-militiant/radical
- created a small army /their actions gave the police an excuse to be violent
- violent with police left 9 police officers dead between 1947-1969
who were the Black Power?
Civil Rights Activists
- emerged from SNCC but became more RADICAL under leadership of STOCKELY CARMICHEAL
what were the
Stonewall Riots?
1969= the Stonewall Inn (manhattan) was open to GAY IDEAS/MEETINGS but regularly raided BY POLICE
- one time police raided, patrons RESISTED ARREST and turned violent, lasting a week
- the riots made the gay americans take action, wthin 6 months there were 3 GAY NEWSPAPERS/ GAY LIBERATION FRONT (GLF) and was formed by Gay Activists Alliance (GAA)
- more riads followed but G;F activists managed to perusade the American Psychiatric Assossciation to stop classifictaion as a psychological disorder
when and what was the ‘Bracero’ programme?
1942-64
1000s of mexicans were contacted to work on American Farms
- Congress passed the Immigration and Nationality Act
- many more Mexicans followed and by 1978 , 7 mill+ mexicans came to USA, 1 mill in LA
how were the Hispanic americans disciminated against?
- high unemployment
- poor housing
- discrimination by police
- ill treatment/low wages
- educational segregation
- underrepresentation in politics
who was Cesar Chavez and what did he do?
- organiser of migrant American Farmworkers/ co founder of National Farm Workers Assossciation (NFWA) IN 1962
- IN SEPT 1965, led a 5 year strike by Californian Grape pickers /natonwide boycott of californian grapes attrcated liberla support (for better wages and conditions)
- in 1966, the United Farm workers organizing committee formed and become United FARM WORKERS (UFW)
What was the The Woman’s movement ?
EQUAL PAY ACT - passed in 1963
CIVIL RIGHTS - in 1964 outlawed discrimination - JFK
NATIONAL ORGANIZATION for WOMEN (NOW)- established in 1966 by Betty Friedan (challenged discrimination in courts
WOMEN’S LIBERATION MOVEMENT were radical
right to abortion/privacy went to Supreme court /WON IN 1965
opponnents were STOP ERA - didnt think abortion was right
what/when was the Roe Vs Wade?
1969 - Norma McCorney (‘JANE ROE’) became pregnant with 3rd child/ wanted abortion, but was illegal
- hert attorneys filed a lawsuit in US federal court against local district attorney , HENRY WADE, saying Texas Abortion laws are unconstitutional
- 3 judge court ruled in her favour/but parties appealled in Supreme Court
- JAN 22, 1973, Supreme court issued a 7-2 decision of ‘right ot privacy’, allowing women’s right to abortion
what was student radicalisation?
- STUDENT MOVEMENTS to make America more free for all/ involved in BLACK CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
- free speech movement saw a lot of racism
what did the vietnam war cause in 1968?
- 30% young AA men forced to join army opposed to 19% young white men
- united most students, bc of **ANTI-WAR PROTESTS ** IN 1968-70 WITH OVER 40K STUDENTS
What was the Hippy Movement?
a subtle attack on white middle class America where they didnt work/study
‘WOODSTOCK FESTIVAL 1968’ highighted the alternative lifestyle
what was it like living as a Native American in 1970s?
- forced to live on reservations where there were few opoortunities/low edcuation
who/when protested against native american’s treatment? what was the outcome?
‘Custer died for your sins’ - Vine Delora’ book calling for RED POWER MOVEMENT
-American Indian Movement- occupied Alcatraz Island
took over Beureau of Indian Affairs offices
occupied trading post at Wounded Knee (USA mishandled funds for them) - lasted 71 days 2 die
- Nixon returned 48k acres of land to Taos Peublo Indians
- Indian Child Welfare Act 1974 - prveented taking away children of natives to be brought up elsewhere
- Indian Self Determination Act 1975 - free to govern themselves while getting aid from US government
what did JFK do for ppl in poverty? but what counteracted his achievements?
New Frontier:
- setting up PEACE CORPS - volunteers go to LEDC to work as doctors etc.
- increased miniumum wages- good but only for those who work
- housing act/social security act-
made benefits available to poor
but….
many AA mive to northern states for work where they experienced poverty/radical tension/ lower min wage
what did Johnson do for the poor? and what happned to him after?
medical care act (1965)- federal money into hospitals for old/poor
VISTA programme -create jobs for poor inner city areas
but…
Vietnam war made him lose his reputation , Democrats (his party) votes out in 1969
what did Nixon do to help the poor/ but what stopped this?
National Health Insurance Programme 1974: to bring medical care for poor
tax reform- to help ill/disabled
20% increase in spending on social security
but…
never went ahead , bc he resigned due to ‘watergate’ scandal
what happened at the Birmingham Civil rights March?
- still not desegregated
- in april 1963, MLK organised march to bring attention to nation abt local problem
- Bull Conor, local police chief, ordered police to turn dogs/fire hoses on peaceful protest
- over 1000 protesters arrested
what happened at the Washington Civil rights March?
Aug 1963, MLK organised march on capital to call the President to introduce a Civil Rights Bill
- over 200,000 bLack ppl/50,000 whites people macrhed together
what were the High school walkouts and when?
March 1968- mass walkout of Chicanos out of high schools in LA
- 20,000 stdents protested
- failed to make changes for edcuation of Chicanos
explain why the civil rights act was passed 1964?
- birmingham march - violence
-
assassination of kennedy 1963 - killed before he could do anythng, so johnson put it in place in honour of Kennedy
- also wasnt elected as president, so maybe wanted more supporters
what did each president do for african american civil rights in 1957-68?
JOHNSON : Civil rights Act 1964- made it illegal to discriminate in emplyment, housing
Voting Rights Bill 1965 - huge progress for voter registration
Fair housing Act -1968 - played big role in its develomnet/ combatted housing discrimination
EISENHOWER : little rock - forced integration
Civil rights act in 1957 - but only increased voting right by 3%
KENNEDY : put pressure on george wallace, govenor , to release protestors from birmingham march AND give more jobs to AA
- supported civil rights act in 1964- BUT DIDNT PUT IN PLACE DUE TO ASSASSINATION
