Early modern Warfare c.1500-c.1750 Flashcards
Type of Wars
Elizabeth’s Wars
DUTCH REVOLT : Netherlands controlled by Spain/ protestants lived in mostly catholic land
- rebellion broke out called DUTCH REVOLT
(rebellion, religion)
PIRACY: Unofficial war with spain: Sir Francis Drake circumnavigating the world/ attacked spanish ports/ captured spanish ships
(opportunism)
SPANISH ARMADA : official war with Spain: 1588- King Philip II of spain had enough of Elizabeth/defence of Protestants
- ordered armada ships to invade england, kill elizabeth, replace her with catholic monarch
- 12th July 1588- Spanish ARMADA sets sail - 130 ships
IRISH REBELLION : tried to push protetsants out so Elizabeth conquered Ireland to stop this - 1595
(religion , war between nations)
Attitudes and responses
Elizabeth’s Wars
TAXES : pay for war - from parliament/villages
- Elizabeth sent money/weapons , allowing ‘volunteers’ to fight
strength : after success over armada, Elizabeth gained support/ protestant majority celebrated
Impact on ppl/gov
Elizabeth’s Wars
DIRECT :
RECRUITMENT : 385,000 men
- 110,000 men + eng soldiers fought abroad
- royal navy had 34 ships by 1585
TAXES - ship money, parliament taxes, local taxes
ECONOMIC CRISIS - due to massive cost of war/ recrutiment meant less workers
- disruption of trade (wool trade)
plague - carried back to eng by soldiers, so effected economy
PSYCOLOGICAL : CASUALTIES - 30,000 eng soldiers died FROM DISEASE
gov : MPS gained power, bc Elizabeth had rely on MPs to approve of taxes
type of war
the English Civil Wars
RELIGIOUS DIVISONS (CATH VS PROT)(religion/rebellion)
- Puritans (type of protestant) didnt like religious reforms by charles I / was bringing back catholicism
- Charles wanted stained glass windows, same prayer book/ceremonies
POLITICAL DIVISIONS (civil war)
king vs parliament
- Charles I kept dissolving parliament / couldnt come to a settlement
- civil war between royalists vs parliament
- struggles of power/ the extent of authority given to King and parliament
attitudes and responses
the English Civil Wars
TAXES : ship money , forest fines
SUPPORT : some supported Charles
PROPAGANDA : printing press allowed the spread of propaganda - made catholics look bad
PARLIAMENT GET STRONGER - Cromwell gets stronger
Impact on ppl/gov
the English Civil Wars
DIRECT/PSYCOLOGICAL : 1000 approx. village houses destroyed
2% pop. made homeless
80,000 taken prisoner
CULTURAL - polarization in society as ppl take sides based on political, religious and economic beliefs
gov: The monarchy was removed in 1649 and a new Republic was set up with Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector.
- The Civil War also affected Ireland. Oliver Cromwell massacred almost 3,500 people in the Irish town of Drogheda.
type of war
Anglo-scottish wars
OFFICIAL WAREFARE: (invasion,war between 2 nations)
- battles between scotland and england between Henry IV/V and Henry VIII
- king james IV invaded in 1513 after henry VIII declared war on France –> Scots beaten at Battle of Flodden Field
- henry VIII then reinforced castles on border/ sent army against scots destroying 7 monastries, 5 towns, 243 villages
- no further fighting as both under elizabeth I/ diodnt spend money on conflict
UNOFFICIAL : border disputes - bands of raiders for clans (families) on either side (reivers)
impact
Anglo-scottish wars
cultural : national anthem
direct: 1543, OVER 5 month period , 192 buildings destroyed and over 10,000 cows stolen
economic : disrupted trade routes, devastated agricultural lands, and caused widespread destruction of infrastructure. The costs of raising armies, equipping soldiers also contributed
political : rival claims to the throne, succession disputes, and attempts to exert control over each other’s territories - influenced the balance of power between the two kingdoms
GOV : King James VI (scots) became king of england in 1603
- minimal impact as war were unofficial
type of war
Jacobite wars
Charles II became king in 1660, his bro, James II fled england in 1685, leaving his daughter Mary as queen
- some Scots wanted James as king –> JACOBITES
- 1715-45 JACOBITE WARS
Division in royal family (catholic - James Frances stuart - James’ son) and protestant (george I)
1715- Scots wanted return of catholic king support francis stuart (20,000 Jacobites invaded england - defeated
1745 - James Francis Stuart’s son - Charles tried to seize throne when brits at war with france
- gathered catholic troops from Scotland to invade england / only got 300 supoorters
- Charles worried brits as they recalled army from France
attitude and response
Jacobite wars
Battle of Culloden - 1746
- Dec 1745, duke of cumberland marched into soctland to destroy Jacobites
- charles tries surprise attack in 1746
- after battle, Jacobites hunted down/killed - 100 executed - charles escaped
impact
Jacobite wars
DIRECT : 100+ executed / high ranking Jcobite leaders were publicly executed at tower of london
CULTURAL : Highlands integrated into GB - soctalnd was dominated by Lowland scots who supoorted the gov/backed by british army
gov : - POSITIVE IMPACT - strengthened George I (protestant)
- national anthem - CREATES NATIONAL PRIDE
why did Jacobite wars fail?
lack of support for war
military weakness - jacobites poorly trained / outnumbered by british gov- BATTLE OF CULLODEN
Poor leadership - lacked military skils necessary for rebellion
‘warefare change little between 790 to 1750’? how far do you agree?
DISAGREE : technology wise
- use of gun powder based artillery changed seiges , as could destroy castles etc/longbow - hundred years war
- feudal warfare changed to recruitment in Elizabeth wars
AGREE : scale wise
- english civil war/ battle of hastings - had huge impacts
- naval warfare used in both period (vikings and Elizabeth wars)
