glycemic control + glucagon Flashcards
What are the two major hyperglycemic crises?
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) & Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS).
Which condition is more common in Type 1 diabetes?
DKA.
What are key features of DKA?
Rapid onset, glucose ≥250 mg/dL, low pH, large ketones, fruity breath odor.
Which condition is more common in Type 2 diabetes?
HHS.
What are key features of HHS?
Gradual onset, glucose ≥600 mg/dL, normal pH, little/no ketones, no fruity breath.
What is the first-line treatment for DKA?
IV insulin therapy.
Why might bicarbonate be used in DKA?
For pH <6.9 to correct acidosis.
Why is potassium replacement needed in DKA?
Insulin lowers potassium levels, increasing hypokalemia risk.
How is hypoglycemia prevented after insulin treatment for DKA?
Administer glucose or glucagon if needed.
How does glucagon work?
Promotes breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
When is glucagon NOT effective?
Hypoglycemia caused by starvation (no glycogen stores).
Who should administer glucagon for severe hypoglycemia?
Family or friend if the person is unresponsive or uncooperative.
How is glucagon administered?
IM, IV, or SQ.
How long does it take for glucagon to restore consciousness?
~20 minutes.
What should be done after glucagon restores consciousness?
Switch to oral carbs to maintain blood glucose.
