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pharm > adrenergic agonists (alpha and beta) - Sheet1 (1) > Flashcards

adrenergic agonists (alpha and beta) - Sheet1 (1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are adrenergic agonists also known as?

A

Sympathomimetics

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2
Q

What do adrenergic agonists activate?

A

Sympathetic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system

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3
Q

Name some drugs that are adrenergic agonists.

A

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine

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4
Q

What response do adrenergic agonists induce?

A

Fight-or-flight response

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5
Q

What receptors do adrenergic agonists act on?

A

Alpha and Beta receptors

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6
Q

What can be the effects of adrenergic agonists?

A

Therapeutic or adverse, depending on the patient’s condition

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7
Q

What does an alpha1 adrenergic agonist do?

A

It affects vascular tissue and smooth muscle.

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8
Q

What are the effects of alpha1 adrenergic agonists on the heart?

A

Increases the force of heart contraction.

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9
Q

How does an alpha1 adrenergic agonist affect blood pressure?

A

Causes vasoconstriction, which increases blood pressure.

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10
Q

What effect does an alpha1 adrenergic agonist have on pupils?

A

Dilates pupils (mydriasis).

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11
Q

How does an alpha1 adrenergic agonist affect GI secretions?

A

Decreases GI secretions.

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12
Q

What effect does an alpha1 adrenergic agonist have on the bladder and prostate?

A

Increases contraction of the bladder and prostate.

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13
Q

What is the effect of a beta1 adrenergic agonist on the heart?

A

Increases heart rate and force of contraction.

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14
Q

What effect does a beta1 adrenergic agonist have on blood pressure?

A

Increases blood pressure.

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15
Q

What does a beta1 adrenergic agonist stimulate in the kidneys?

A

Increases renin secretion.

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16
Q

Where do alpha2 adrenergic agonists act?

A

On sympathetic nerve endings.

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17
Q

What does an alpha2 adrenergic agonist do to norepinephrine?

A

Decreases norepinephrine release.

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18
Q

How does an alpha2 adrenergic agonist affect blood pressure?

A

Causes vasodilation, which lowers blood pressure.

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19
Q

What effect does an alpha2 adrenergic agonist have on GI motility?

A

Decreases GI motility.

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20
Q

What are the effects of a beta2 adrenergic agonist on the lungs?

A

Dilates bronchioles.

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21
Q

What effect does a beta2 adrenergic agonist have on the uterine muscles?

A

Causes relaxation.

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22
Q

How does a beta2 adrenergic agonist affect arterioles in skeletal muscles, heart, and lungs?

A

Causes vasodilation.

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23
Q

What effect does a beta2 adrenergic agonist have on blood sugar?

A

Increases blood sugar through glycogenolysis.

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24
Q

What does a dopamine agonist do to the kidneys?

A

Causes renal vasodilation, increasing renal perfusion.

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25
Q

What are adrenergic agonists also called?

A

Sympathomimetics

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26
Q

What do adrenergic agonists activate?

A

Sympathetic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system

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27
Q

What response do adrenergic agonists induce?

A

Fight-or-flight response

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28
Q

What are the two receptor types for adrenergic agonists?

A

Alpha (α) and Beta (β)

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29
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

Adrenergic agonists that are short-acting and must be given IV.

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30
Q

What are some catecholamine drugs?

A

Epinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, isoproterenol, norepinephrine

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31
Q

What are noncatecholamines?

A

Adrenergic agonists that have longer duration and can be given orally.

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32
Q

What are some noncatecholamine drugs?

A

Albuterol, ephedrine

33
Q

What does an alpha1 adrenergic agonist do?

A

Vasoconstriction, increased BP, mydriasis (dilated pupils), decreased nasal congestion, decreased GI secretions, increased bladder and prostate contraction.

34
Q

What does an alpha2 adrenergic agonist do?

A

Decreases norepinephrine release, causes vasodilation (↓ BP), and decreases GI motility.

35
Q

What does a beta1 adrenergic agonist do?

A

Increases heart rate, myocardial contractility, BP, and renin secretion.

36
Q

What does a beta2 adrenergic agonist do?

A

Dilates bronchioles, relaxes uterine muscles, vasodilates skeletal muscle arterioles, and increases blood sugar (glycogenolysis).

37
Q

What does a dopamine agonist do?

A

Causes renal vasodilation, increasing renal perfusion.

38
Q

What receptors does epinephrine act on?

A

Alpha1, Beta1, Beta2

39
Q

What are the alpha1 effects of epinephrine?

A

Vasoconstriction, increased BP, slowed absorption of local anesthesia, decreased nasal congestion, and reduced superficial bleeding.

40
Q

What are the beta1 effects of epinephrine?

A

Increased HR, myocardial contractility, AV node conduction, cardiac output, and tissue perfusion.

41
Q

What conditions does epinephrine treat?

A

Anaphylactic shock, cardiac arrest, AV block, heart failure, shock.

42
Q

What receptors does dopamine act on at a low dose?

A

Dopamine receptors (renal blood vessel dilation).

43
Q

What conditions is low-dose dopamine used for?

A

Shock, heart failure, acute kidney injury.

44
Q

What receptors does dopamine act on at a moderate dose?

A

Dopamine + Beta1

45
Q

What effects does moderate-dose dopamine have?

A

Renal blood vessel dilation, increased HR, contractility, AV node conduction.

46
Q

What conditions is moderate-dose dopamine used for?

A

Shock, heart failure.

47
Q

What receptors does dopamine act on at a high dose?

A

Dopamine + Beta1 + Alpha1

48
Q

What effects does high-dose dopamine have?

A

Renal vasodilation, increased HR, contractility, AV node conduction, vasoconstriction, mydriasis.

49
Q

What conditions is high-dose dopamine used for?

A

Shock, heart failure.

50
Q

What receptor does dobutamine act on?

A

Beta1

51
Q

What effects does dobutamine have?

A

Increased heart rate, myocardial contraction, cardiac output, and AV node conduction.

52
Q

What condition is dobutamine used to treat?

A

Heart failure.

53
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Alpha1, Beta1

54
Q

Isoproterenol

A

Beta1, Beta2

55
Q

Albuterol

A

Beta2

56
Q

Ephedrine

A

Alpha1, Beta1, Beta2

57
Q

Phenylephrine

A

Alpha1

58
Q

How are adrenergic agonists administered?

A

IV continuous infusion with an IV pump.

59
Q

How should adrenergic agonist doses be adjusted?

A

Titrated based on BP.

60
Q

What should be monitored during adrenergic agonist therapy?

A

EKG, BP, chest pain, cardiac output, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, central venous pressure, urine output.

61
Q

Why is urine output monitored with adrenergic agonists?

A

Indicates effective perfusion (≥ 30 mL/hr is ideal).

62
Q

What blood sugar complication can adrenergic agonists cause?

A

Hyperglycemia (especially epinephrine, isoproterenol, and albuterol).

63
Q

What is a major risk of alpha1 activation?

A

Hypertensive crisis, leading to cerebral hemorrhage.

64
Q

What should be monitored to prevent hypertensive crisis?

A

EKG and BP.

65
Q

What is a major risk of beta1 activation?

A

Dysrhythmias and angina due to increased cardiac workload and oxygen demand.

66
Q

What should be monitored for beta1 activation complications?

A

Urine output, EKG, BP, chest pain (angina).

67
Q

What is a major risk of extravasation of alpha1 agonists?

A

Necrosis due to vasoconstriction.

68
Q

What drug is used to counteract necrosis from alpha1 agonists?

A

Phentolamine (alpha blocker).

69
Q

What drugs interact with adrenergic agonists?

A

MAOIs, tricyclic antidepressants, general anesthesia.

70
Q

What drugs block adrenergic agonist effects?

A

Alpha and beta blockers.

71
Q

What are examples of centrally-acting alpha2 agonists?

A

Clonidine, Guanfacine, Methyldopa

72
Q

What are centrally-acting alpha2 agonists used for?

A

Hypertension (HTN), severe pain, ADHD

73
Q

Why are centrally-acting alpha2 agonists used for ADHD?

A

They help counteract stimulants and amphetamines, making it easier to sleep.

74
Q

What are the effects of centrally-acting alpha2 agonists?

A

Bradycardia, decreased cardiac output, vasodilation.

75
Q

What are common adverse effects of centrally-acting alpha2 agonists?

A

Drowsiness/sedation, xerostomia (dry mouth), rebound hypertension, constipation, impotence, gynecomastia, CNS effects.

76
Q

What is an important caution for using centrally-acting alpha2 agonists?

A

Pregnancy.

77
Q

Which centrally-acting alpha2 agonist is safe during pregnancy and lactation?

A

Methyldopa.

78
Q

What population is at risk for abusing centrally-acting alpha2 agonists?

A

Older adults.

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