ADME - Sheet1

Question 1

What is absorption in pharmacokinetics?

Answer 1

The movement of a drug from the site of administration into the blood.

Question 2

What determines drug action during absorption?

Answer 2

The rate and amount of absorption.

Question 3

What happens with a higher absorption rate?

Answer 3

Faster onset of drug effects.

Question 4

What happens when a drug is absorbed quickly and well?

Answer 4

It produces effects quickly and elicits a better response.

Question 5

What factors affect absorption?

Answer 5

Rate of dissolution, surface area (e.g., villi), blood flow, lipid solubility, and pH partitioning.

Question 6

What are the routes of administration under absorption?

Answer 6

Enteral (via GI tract), parenteral (by injection), and other routes.

Question 7

What does “enteral” refer to?

Answer 7

Administration via the GI tract, including oral (PO), NG tubes, and gastrostomy tubes.

Question 8

What forms of medication are administered enterally?

Answer 8

Tablets/capsules, enteric-coated, sustained/extended-release, sublingual, and liquids/solutions.

Question 9

What does “parenteral” refer to?

Answer 9

Administration by injection, such as IV, IM, and subcutaneous routes.

Question 10

What are some other routes of drug administration?

Answer 10

Topical, transdermal, inhaled, suppository (rectal or vaginal), and direct injection (e.g., heart, joints, nerves, CNS).

Question 11

What is distribution in pharmacokinetics?

Answer 11

The movement of drugs through the body after absorption.

Question 12

What are the three factors determining drug distribution?

Answer 12

1. Blood flow to tissues, 2. Exiting the vascular system, 3. Entering cells.

Question 13

What is metabolism in pharmacokinetics?

Answer 13

The process of altering the structure and function of drugs, nutrients, vitamins, and minerals.

Question 14

Where does most drug metabolism occur?

Answer 14

In the liver.

Question 15

What is the role of hepatic microsomal enzymes?

Answer 15

They metabolize drugs, with cytochrome P450 (CYP) being the primary enzyme group.

Question 16

How does the CYP system help eliminate drugs?

Answer 16

By making them water-soluble so they can be excreted by the kidneys and urine.

Question 17

What are the three roles of drugs in the CYP system?

Answer 17

1. Substrates (rely on CYP for metabolism), 2. Enzyme inhibitors (block CYP activity), 3. Enzyme inducers (accelerate metabolism).

Question 18

What happens when a drug acts as a CYP enzyme inhibitor?

Answer 18

It can lead to toxic drug levels by preventing metabolism of substrate drugs.

Question 19

What happens when a drug acts as a CYP enzyme inducer?

Answer 19

It accelerates metabolism, decreasing drug levels and potentially reducing effectiveness.

Question 20

What is the first-pass effect?

Answer 20

When an oral drug is metabolized to an inactive form in the liver before reaching target cells.

Question 21

Why is nitroglycerin given sublingually?

Answer 21

To avoid the first-pass effect in the liver.

Question 22

What are special considerations in drug metabolism?

Answer 22

Age, induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes, first-pass effect, nutrition status, competition among drugs, and enterohepatic recirculation.

Question 23

What is enterohepatic recirculation?

Answer 23

The recycling of drugs and metabolites between the liver and intestines, prolonging their presence in the body.

Question 24

What is excretion in pharmacokinetics?

Answer 24

The process of removing drugs and their metabolites from the body.

Question 25

What is the primary organ responsible for excretion?

Answer 25

The kidneys (renal excretion).

Question 26

How does urine pH affect drug excretion?

Answer 26

It influences the reabsorption and elimination of drugs.

Question 27

Why is dose reduction necessary in renal impairment?

Answer 27

Impaired kidneys cannot excrete drugs effectively, leading to accumulation and toxicity.

Question 28

What are other excretion routes besides the kidneys?

Answer 28

Breast milk, bile/feces, lungs, sweat, and saliva.

Question 29

What are plasma drug levels?

Answer 29

They indicate the amount of drug in the blood and determine therapeutic effectiveness.

Question 30

What is the minimum effective concentration (MEC)?

Answer 30

The lowest plasma drug level required to produce a therapeutic effect.

Question 31

What is the toxic concentration?

Answer 31

The plasma drug level at which harmful effects occur.

Question 32

What is the therapeutic range?

Answer 32

The range between the MEC and the toxic concentration, where the drug is effective and safe.

Question 33

What is plasma half-life (t1/2)?

Answer 33

The time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease by 50%.

Question 34

How does half-life affect dosing frequency?

Answer 34

Drugs with a longer half-life require less frequent dosing.

Question 35

How many half-lives does it take for a drug to be almost completely excreted?

Answer 35

Approximately four half-lives.

Question 36

What is a loading dose?

Answer 36

A higher initial dose of a drug to quickly reach the therapeutic range.

Question 37

What is a maintenance dose?

Answer 37

A dose used to maintain the drug level within the therapeutic range.

Question 38

What happens to drug levels with repeated dosing?

Answer 38

The drug accumulates over time, reaching a plateau after about four half-lives.

Question 39

How long does it take to reach a plateau with repeated dosing?

Answer 39

Four half-lives of the drug.

Question 40

What does Phase 3 of the dose-response relationship indicate?

Answer 40

Toxicity due to excessively high doses.