fluid balance principles - Sheet1

Question 1

What is the greatest bulk of body fluid?

Answer 1

Water.

Question 2

Where is intracellular fluid (ICF) located?

Answer 2

Inside the cells.

Question 3

What proportion of total body water is intracellular fluid (ICF)?

Answer 3

Two-thirds (2/3).

Question 4

Where is extracellular fluid (ECF) located?

Answer 4

Outside of the cells.

Question 5

What proportion of total body water is extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Answer 5

One-third (1/3).

Question 6

What does osmolality measure?

Answer 6

The number of dissolved particles or solutes in 1kg (1L) of water.

Question 7

What is the primary extracellular solute?

Answer 7

Sodium.

Question 8

What is the normal osmolality range?

Answer 8

280–300 milliosmoles per kg (mOsm/kg).

Question 9

What is tonicity?

Answer 9

The ability of a solution to cause a change in water movement across a membrane due to osmotic forces.

Question 10

What is isotonic tonicity?

Answer 10

The tonicity is equal to that of normal plasma.

Question 11

What is hypertonic tonicity?

Answer 11

The solution has a greater concentration of solutes than plasma.

Question 12

What is hypotonic tonicity?

Answer 12

The solution has a lesser concentration of solutes than plasma.

Question 13

What is osmosis?

Answer 13

The movement of water from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration.

Question 14

What regulates overall fluid balance in the body?

Answer 14

Hormones acting on the kidneys.

Question 15

What does the hypothalamus sense to trigger thirst?

Answer 15

That the extracellular fluid (ECF) is hypertonic.

Question 16

What hormone does the hypothalamus trigger to regulate water reabsorption?

Answer 16

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Question 17

What does ADH do?

Answer 17

It tells the kidneys to increase water reabsorption.

Question 18

What is the role of aldosterone in fluid balance?

Answer 18

Aldosterone causes the kidneys to retain sodium and water.

Question 19

Where is aldosterone secreted from?

Answer 19

The adrenal cortex.

Question 20

What is isotonic contraction?

Answer 20

Sodium and water are lost in isotonic proportions, decreasing total volume without changing osmolality.

Question 21

What are causes of isotonic contraction?

Answer 21

Vomiting, diarrhea, kidney disease, and misuse of diuretics.

Question 22

What is the treatment for isotonic contraction?

Answer 22

Isotonic fluids (e.g., 0.9% NS) replenished slowly to prevent pulmonary edema.

Question 23

What is hypertonic contraction?

Answer 23

Loss of water exceeds the loss of sodium, reducing extracellular fluid volume and increasing osmolality.

Question 24

What are causes of hypertonic contraction?

Answer 24

Excessive sweating, osmotic diuresis, concentrated food in infants, extensive burns, or CNS disorders interfering with thirst.

Question 25

What is the treatment for hypertonic contraction?

Answer 25

Hypotonic fluids (e.g., 0.45% sodium chloride) or solute-free fluids (e.g., D5W). Initial therapy: Drink water.

Question 26

What is hypotonic contraction?

Answer 26

Loss of sodium exceeds loss of water, reducing both volume and osmolality of extracellular fluid.

Question 27

What are causes of hypotonic contraction?

Answer 27

Excessive sodium loss through the kidneys (e.g., diuretic therapy, chronic renal insufficiency, lack of aldosterone).

Question 28

What is the treatment for mild hypotonic contraction?

Answer 28

Infusion of isotonic solution (0.9% NaCl).

Question 29

What is the treatment for severe hypotonic contraction?

Answer 29

Hypertonic solution (3% NaCl) with careful monitoring for fluid overload.

Question 30

What is the general definition of fluid volume expansion?

Answer 30

An increase in total body fluid volume.

Question 31

What are causes of fluid volume expansion?

Answer 31

Excessive fluid replacement or disease states like heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, and cirrhosis with ascites.

Question 32

What is the treatment for fluid volume expansion?

Answer 32

Diuretics and drugs used for heart failure.