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GI II Exam 1 > GI Physiology I > Flashcards

GI Physiology I Flashcards

1
Q

salivary glands

A

submandibular
sublingual
parotid
buccal glands

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2
Q

saliva

A

hypotonic, protein, ucus, amylase, lysozyme

taste, lubricate, protect, digest, speech

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3
Q

amylase

A

saliva - alpha-amylase
-carb digestion

cleaves alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds in starch

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4
Q

lingual lipase

A

saliva - fat digestion

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5
Q

IgA

A

in saliva

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6
Q

bicarbonate

A

in saliva

minimize tooth decay and neutralize reflux gastric acid

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7
Q

taste

A

carbs and fats

not protein**

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8
Q

parotid

A

serous gland

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9
Q

submandibular and sublingual

A

mixed gland

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10
Q

ductal cells

A

water impermeable

  • water not absorbed along with solute
  • remains in lumen - results in hypotonic saliva
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11
Q

acinar cells

A

produce saliva

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12
Q

saliva composition

A

NaCl low

K and HCO3 high

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13
Q

high saliva flow

A

saliva resembles plasma

high NaCl
low K

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14
Q

low saliva flow

A

saliva dissimilar to plasma

low NaCl
high K

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15
Q

salivary secretion control

A

ANS - mainly PS

+ smell, taste, sound, sight, chewing, spicy and sour, smoking

  • sleep, fear, anti-cholinergic, anti-depresants, dehydration, fatigue
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16
Q

xerostomia

A

dry mouth - absent saliva

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17
Q

sjogrens syndrome

A

autoimmune against salivary and lacrimal glands

xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes)

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18
Q

drooling

A

excess saliva - increased nervous stimulation

tx - anticholinergics and remove glands

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19
Q

parkinsons

A

increased saliva production

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20
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

high Na, Ca, and protein in saliva, sweat

lack CFTR

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21
Q

addisons

A

increased Na in saliva

decreased reabsorption**

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22
Q

primary aldosteronism

A

cushings

  • decreased Na in saliva
  • more reabsorbed**

salivary NaCl zero
increased K levels

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23
Q

digoxin therapy

A

increase Ca and K in saliva

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24
Q

upper esophagus

A

skeletal m - voluntary

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25
Q

lower esophagus

A

smooth m - involuntary

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26
Q

primary peristalsis of esophagus

A

local reflex with opening of UES

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27
Q

secondary peristalsis of esophagus

A

distension of esophagus

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28
Q

LES

A

tonically closed due to sphincter pressure by diaphragm

relaxes with distension of esophagus and swallowing

vagal stimulation

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29
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

30
Q

achalasia

A

failure of LES to relax

31
Q

diffuse esophageal spasms

A

uncoordinated esophageal contraction

32
Q

hiatal hernia

A

moves LES into thoracic cavity - increased GE reflux

33
Q

GERD

A

when LES doesn’t work properly

34
Q

barrets esophagus

A

long term GERD

-columnar cells replace squamous mucosa

adapt to acid exposure

predispose to esophageal cancer

35
Q

dysphagia

A

common in elderly

-structural, functional, disease - neuro dx, stroke, parkinsons, myasthenia gravis, xerostomia

36
Q

achalasia

A

lack of peristalsis in esophagus

LES does not relax

food at level of LES

chagas disease - trypanosoma cruzi

37
Q

trypanosoma cruzi

A

chagas disease

-achalasia

38
Q

birds beak on barium radio

A

achalasia

39
Q

LES closed except

A

primary peristalsis - 2 sec after swallow - NO and VIP release

secondary peristalsis - distension after esophagus

40
Q

NO, VIP

A

LES relaxation

41
Q

DES

A

diffuse esophageal spasm

-contraction of esophagus

uncoordinated

prevent food reaching stomach

dysphagia, regurg, chest pain

unknown cause

trigger - hot/cold food

42
Q

hiatal hernia

A

protrusion of upper stomach into thorax through diaphragm
-burning feeling in throat and chest

like GERD

43
Q

stomach secretion

A

2L/day isotonic fluid

proximal - pepsinogen, HCl, IF, mucus, bicarb, water

distal - gastrin, mucus, somatostatin

44
Q

parietal cells

A

release HCl and IF

45
Q

chief cells

A

release pepsinogen and renin

46
Q

mucous neck cells

A

release mucus and bicarb

47
Q

endocrine cell

A

ECL - enterochromaffin like - histamine

G cells - gastrin

D cells - somatostatin

48
Q

oxyntic glands

A

fundus and body of stomach

  • parietal cells
  • chief cells
  • mucous cells
49
Q

pyloric glands

A

antrum and pyloric region

  • G cells - gastrin
  • mucous cells
50
Q

stomach mucosa

A

replaced every 3 days

51
Q

mucus secretion

A

surface epithelial cells - thick viscous alkaline

mucous neck cells - thin watery

52
Q

parietal stimulation

A

ACh
gastrin
histamine

53
Q

D cell stimulation

A

acid in stomach

-release of somatostatin

54
Q

somatostatin

A

inhibit gastric acid release

55
Q

G cell stimulation

A

ACh, peptides, AAs

release gastrin

56
Q

gastrin

A

stimulate gastric acid secretion

57
Q

non-parietal cells

A

basal secretion between meals

high in Na and Cl
low in H and K

58
Q

parietal cells

A

stimulated secretion after meal
-stimulated by gastrin and histamine

high in H and Cl
low in Na and K

59
Q

rate of gastric secretion

A

inverse relationship between lumen concentration of H and Na as function of gastric secretion

low rate - high Na, low H
high rate - high H, low Na

60
Q

acid secretion

A

H from H2CO3
-HCO3 exchanged for secreted Cl

requires lots of energy - H/K ATPase

61
Q

parietal cell agonist

A

ACh, gastrin, histamine
-more acid

ACh - M3 receptors
gastrin - CCK8 receptor - gastrin 1500x more potent than histamine
-histamine - H2 receptor

62
Q

parietal cell antagonist

A

somatostatin and PGs

-less acid

63
Q

gastrin secreting tumor

A

zollinger-ellison

-too much acid secreted

64
Q

atrophic gastric

A

pernicious anemia

  • destruction of IF secreting parietal cells
  • macrocytic anemia
65
Q

NSAIDs

A

cause decreased mucous production - because decreased PGs

66
Q

direct vs. indirect parietal cell activation

A

direct - ACh, gastrin, histamine act on parietal

indirect - ACh and gastrin stimulate ECL - more histamine

67
Q

synergistic stimulation and potentiation of acid secretion from parietal cells

A

direct stimulation

68
Q

vagotmomy

A

cutting vagus nerve
-inhibits gastric acid secretion

to tx peptic ulcers

selective - cut nerves supplying parietal cells only

69
Q

phases of gastric acid secretion

A

cephalic - 30% total

  • reflex to medulla
  • sight, smell, taste

gastric - 50-60%
-food distends gastric mucosa

intestinal - 10%

  • peptides in duodenum
  • 3 hormones that inhibit acid secretion - secretin, GIP, CCK
70
Q

secretin, CIP, CCK

A

three hormones that inhibit gastric acid secretion

GI II Exam 1 (29 decks)

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