GI booklet Flashcards
1
Q
What are the nine compartments of the abdomen?
A
Right hypochondriac | Epigastric | Left hypogastric
Right Lumbar | Umbilical | Left lumbar
Right iliac |Hypogastric | left Iliac
Iliac may be called inguinal
Hypogastric may be called suprapubic
2
Q
What lines divide the abdomen into four quadrants?
A
Trans pyloric line
Midline
3
Q
What lines divide the abdomen into 9 regions?
A
Right/left interclavicular lines
Trans tuberculum line
Subcostal line
4
Q
What organs are found in the right hypochondriac region?
A
Liver
Gallbladder
5
Q
What organs are found in the left hypochondriac region?
A
Spleen
Pancreas
Kidney
6
Q
What organs are found in the epigastric region?
A
Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
7
Q
What organs are found in the right lumbar region?
A
Kidney
Asc colon
8
Q
What organs are found in the umbilical region?
A
Transverse colon
Jenunum/duodenum/ileum
9
Q
What organs are found in the left lumbar region?
A
Desc colon
Kidney
10
Q
What organs are found in the right iliac region?
A
Caecum
Appendix
Asc colon
11
Q
What organs are found in the hypogastric region?
A
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Bladder
12
Q
What organs are found in the left iliacregion?
A
Rectum
Desc colon
13
Q
What is the action of the external oblique?
A
Abducts trunk
Rotates trunk
14
Q
What is the innervation of the external oblique?
A
T7-T12
15
Q
What is the action of the internal oblique?
A
Abducts trunk
Rotates trunk
16
Q
What is the innervation of the internal oblique?
A
T7-T12, L1
17
Q
What is the action of the rectus abdominis?
A
Flexes trunk
18
Q
What is the innervation of the rectus abdominis?
A
T7-T12
19
Q
What is the action of the transverse abdominis?
A
Compresses abdominal contents
20
Q
What is the innervation of the transverse abdominis?
A
T7-T12, L1
21
Q
What is the rectus sheath?
A
Aponeurosis of the adominal wall muscles
>External ob
>Internal ob
>Transverse abdominis
22
Q
How does the rectus sheath differ above and below the umbilicus?
A
Above the umbilicus it is thicker and more muscular than below
23
Q
What is the level of the umbilicus?
A
L1
24
Q
What is the dermatome of the umbilicus?
A
T10
25
What bony points is the inguinal ligment attached to?
Pubic tubercle
| Anterior superior iliac spine
26
What makes up the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?
Aponeurosis of external oblique
| Superficial inguinal ring
27
What makes up the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?
Transveralis fascia
Deep inguinal ring
Conjoint tendon
28
What makes up the roof of the inguinal canal?
Transveralis fascia
| Aponeurosis of external oblique
29
What makes up the floor of the inguinal canal?
Inguinal ligament
Lacunar ligament
Iliopubic tract
30
What is the relationship of the deep inguinal ring to the inferior epigastric vessels?
Superior and lateral to them
31
What is the relationship of the superficial ring to the pubic tubercle?
It lies superolaterally to it
32
What are the contents of the male inguinal canal?
```
Spermatic cord:
>Vas deferens
>Testicular veins/arteries
Ilioinguinal nerve
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
```
33
What are the contents of the female inguinal canal?
Round ligament
Ilioinguinal nerve
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
34
What are the types of inguinal hernia?
Direct
| Indirect (most common)
35
What is an indirect hernia?
Congenital weakness of deep inguinal ring
| Allows abdominal contents to enter into inguinal canal + out deep ring
36
What is a diret inguinal hernia?
Abdominal contents pass through weak spot in muscles of posterior wall
Enter through superficial inguinal ring
37
What is a femoral hernia?
Below inguinal ligament
>Abdominal contents pass into weak area of posterior femoral canal
More common in females
38
What are umbilical hernias?
Abdominal contents through weakness of umbilicus
| Acquired rather than congenital in adults
39
What are the four layers of the GI tract?
```
Mucosa
>Epithelium
>Lamina propria
>Muscularis mucosae
Sub mucosa
Muscularis propria
Serosa/adventitia
```
40
What are the subdivisions of the peritoneum?
Parietal
| Visceral
41
What is the peritoneal cavity?
Continuous area between parietal/visceral linings
42
What are the two major divisions of the peritoneal cavity?
Greater sac
| Omental bursa
43
How do the two sacs of the peritoneal cavity communicate?
Foramen of windslow
44
Where is the foramen of windslow found?
Behind stomach + liver
45
What organs are retroperitoneal?
```
SCV/Aorta
Adrenal glands
Duodenum(1st 1/3)
Pancreas (not tail)
Ureters
Colon (asc/desc)
Kidneys
Oesophagus
Rectum (last 2/3s)
```
46
What organs are intraperitoneal?
```
Stomach
Appendic
Liver
Transverse colon
Duodenum (last 2/3s)
Small intestines
Pancreas - tail
Rectum (upper 1/3)
Sigmois
Spleen
```
47
What is present in the peritoneal cavity?
Peritoneal fluid
48
Which layer of the peritoneum are mroe sensitive to pressure, pain heat and cold?
Parietal
49
What are the attachments of the greater omentum?
Greater curvature of stomach
| Transverse colon
50
What are the attachments of the lesser omentum?
Liver
| Stomach - lesser curvature
51
How does the greater omentum localise infection?
The inflammatory exudate causes the omentum to adhere to the site of infection
Causes it to wrap around infected organ
Thus containing the infection
52
Where does the parietal peritoneum get its innervation?
T7-12 + L1
>Somatic nerves
>Pain easily localised
53
Where does the visceral peritoneum get its innervation?
Autonomic nerves
| >Pain often referred
54
What muscles are found on the posterior abdominal wall?
Psoas major
Psoas minor
Quadratus lumborum
55
What organs/tubes are found on the psoterior abdominal wall?
```
Kidneys
Desc/asc colon
Pancreas
Duodenum
Rectum
Oesphagus
```
56
What are the main vesels int he psoterior abdominal wall?
IVC
Aorta
Ureters
57
What are the main nerves of the posterior abdominal wall?
Lumbar plexus
| Sacral plexus
58
What are the three openings of the diaphgram?
Aortic hiatus
Carval hiatus
Oesophgeal hiatus
59
What are the three main branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the gut?
Coeliac trunk
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteri artery
60
At what level does the abdominal aorta divide into 2 common iliac arteries?
L4
61
What are the two main tributaries to the IVC?
Common iliac veins
| Herpatic veins
62
What is the vertebral level of the coeliac trunk?
T12
63
What is the vertebral level of the superior mesenteric artery?
L1
64
What is the vertebral level of the inferior mesenteric artery?
L3
65
What structures arose from the foregut?
```
Abdominal oesophagus
Stomach
Duodenum first 1/3
Liver
Pancreas
```
66
What organs arose from the midgut?
last 2/3s of duodenum
Ileum/jejnum
Asc colon
Pancreas
67
What organs arose from the hindgut?
Desc colon
Anal canal
Rectum
Sigmoid colon
>Everything after left colonic flexture
68
What artery supplies the foregut?
Coeliac trunk
69
What artery supplies the midgut?
Superior mesenteric artery
70
What artery supplies the hindgut?
Inferior mesenteric artery
71
What two organs are part of the fore/mid gut that are not part of the GI tube?
Lung
| Spleen
72
What is a portal system?
Blood from organs in series
73
What veins make up the portal vein?
```
Splenic vein
Superior mesenteric (inferior already has tributed to this)
```
74
What are the 4 sites of portocaval anastomosis?
Distal oesophagus
Umbilical
Distal rectum
Liver
75
Where does blood superior to the diaphgram and inferior to the pelvic floor dtain?
Into the systemic venous system
76
What is the significance of the portocaval anastomoses?
If portal hypertension, then these swell and give clinical signs
>Haemmarhoids
Blood in oesophagus
>Caput medusa
Can show in excess alcohol
77
what is the sympathetic innervation to the abdominal viscera?
Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser least)
Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia
Abdominal aortic plexuses
78
what is the parasympathetic innervation to the abdominal viscera?
Anterior and posterior vagal trunks (vagus nerve)
| Pelvic splanchinic nerves (S2-4)
79
How does the ANS affect GI secretion?
Parasympathetic increases
| Sympathetic decreases
80
How does the ANS affect peristalsis?
Parasympathetic increaes
| Symp decreases
81
How does the ANS affect blood vessesls?
Parasympatethtic causes vasodilation
| Symp - vasoconstriction
82
What is the functional difference between the greater/lesser/least splanchnic nerves and pelvic splanchnic nerves?
Greater/lesser/least are sympathetic
| Pelvic are para
83
What is the level of the kidneys?
T12-L3
84
What is the anterior to posterior arrangement of the structures leaving/entering the hilum of the kidney?
Vein
Artery
Ureter
85
What type of gland is the suprarenal gland?
Endocrine
86
What is the term for the expanded upper part of the ureter?
Renal pelvis
87
What are the three constrictions of the ureters?
Pelviureteric junction
Common iliac artery
Bladder
88
What are the three constrictions of the oesophagus?
Cervical
Thoracic
Diaphragmatic
89
What structures transverse the oesophageal hiatus?
Oesophagus
Phrenic nerve
vagus nerve
90
What is the blood/lymphatic supply of the abdominal oesophagus?
Left gastric artery/vein
Thoracic duct - lymphatics
>Drained by gastric lymph nodes
91
What are the two origices of the stomach?
LOS
| Pyloric
92
What is the pyloric sphincter?
Sphincter at the bottom of the stomach
93
What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?
Allows food into duodenum by controlling discharge
94
What forms the pyloric sphincter?
The thickening of the muscularis externus
95
What forms the gastric folds?
Gastric mucosae
96
What structures form the stomach bed?
```
Left dome of diaphgram
Pancreas
Spleen
Left kidney
Transverse colon
Colon
Left suprarenal gland
```
97
What is the lymphatic drainage of the stomach?
Superior gastric nodes
Suprapyloric nodes
Inferior gastric nodes
Pancreatic nodes
98
All four of the stomach lymphatic nodes drain into what lymph system?
Coeliac group
Into intestinal
Into cisterna chyli
Into thoracic duct
99
How does the vagus nerve affect the stomach?
Decreaes pyloric emptying
| Increaes gastric secretion
100
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
