GI book 2

Question 1

What are the distinguishing features of the ileum?

Answer 1

Pale pink
Thin/light wall
Lesser vascularity
Shorter vasa recta
Many short arcades
More fat in mesentery
Sparse circular folds

Question 2

What are the distinguishing features of the jejunum?

Answer 2

Deep red
Thick/long wall
Greater vascularity
Long vasa recta
Few large arcades
Less fat in mesentery
Large, tall and closely packed circular folds

Question 3

What features indicate the large intestine?

Answer 3

Tenea coli
Omental appenices
Haustria/sacculations

Question 4

What two structures open into the caecum cavity?

Answer 4

Ileum

Appendix

Question 5

What is McBurney’s point - why is it clinically useful?

Answer 5

The most common area for the tail of the appendix

Clinically useful because area of most tenderness in appendicitis

Question 6

What is the blood supply of the rectum?

Answer 6

Each 1/3 drained by rectal arteries/veins
Follows
Superior
Middle
Inferior

Question 7

What is the role of the pelvic floor in maintaining faecal continence?

Answer 7

Contract around anus allowing for conscious control

Helped by internal/external sphincters

Question 8

What omentum are the hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric ligaments a part of?

Answer 8

Lesser omentum

Question 9

What is the falciform ligament?

Answer 9

A remnant of ventral mesentery

Question 10

What lies within the free border of the falciform ligament?

Answer 10

Round ligament

Paraumbilical veins

Question 11

what is the round ligament a remnant from?

Answer 11

Umbilical vein

Question 12

What are the paracolic gutters?

Answer 12

Spaces between the colon + abdominal wall

Found laterally to large intestine

Question 13

How many layers of peritoneum are present in the greater omentum?

Answer 13

4 layers

Question 14

What is the clinical significance of the paracolic gutters?

Answer 14

Fluid/pus/blood often collect there

Question 15

What three abdominal viscera lie in the free edge of the mesentery?

Answer 15

Appendix
Transverse colon
Small intestine

Question 16

What type of muscle is the muscularis externa?

Answer 16

Smooth

Question 17

What type of muscle is the muscualris mucosae?

Answer 17

Smooth circular

Question 18

What is the surface epithelium of the oesophagus?

Answer 18

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Question 19

What secretory cells are found in the gastric pits?

Answer 19

Chief cells

Question 20

How do the three cells of the stomach stain?

Answer 20

Pink - parietal
Purple - chief
Magenta - goblet

Question 21

What is the surface epithelium of the small intestine?

Answer 21

Simple columnar

Question 22

Where in the gut tube doe glands extend beyond the muscularis mucosae, what is their name?

Answer 22

Brunners gland in duodenum

>Secrete bicarbonate

Question 23

What is the epithelium of the rectoanal junction?

Answer 23

Stratified squamous cells

Question 24

What is the transpyloric plane?

Answer 24

The imaginary line at the level of the pyloric sphincter

Question 25

How do you locate the transpyloric plane?

Answer 25

Hald way between pubic symphysis + jugular notch

Question 26

What structures are present along the transpyloric plane?

Answer 26

``` Pyloris of stomach Pancreas Spleen Gall bladder Suprarenal glands ```

Question 27

Does the spleen move with respiration?

Answer 27

Yes

Question 28

What are the structures in the hilum of the spleen?

Answer 28

Splenic artery + vein | Splenic plexus

Question 29

What organ is closely associated to the hilum of the spleen, which part?

Answer 29

Tail of the pancreas

Question 30

What organ must the surgeon be careful not to damage in a splenectomy?

Answer 30

Pancreas

Question 31

What is the function of the spleen?

Answer 31

Storage of RBCs B cells Tcell production Phagocytosis

Question 32

What vein is formed posterior to the neck of the pancreas?

Answer 32

Superior mesenteric vein

Question 33

Into what part of the duodenum does the pancreatic duct open?

Answer 33

Sphincter of Odi

Question 34

What is the bare area of the liver?

Answer 34

Area with no fascia

Question 35

What are the three structures in the porta hepatis?

Answer 35

Portal vein Hepatic artery Hepatic ducts

Question 36

What fold of peritoneum is wrapped around the structures leaving the porta hepatis?

Answer 36

Lesser omentum

Question 37

What constitutes the extrahepatic biliary apparatus?

Answer 37

``` Cystic duct Hepatic ducts Gall bladder Bile duct Common hepatic duct ```

Question 38

Where is bile produced/stored?

Answer 38

Produced in liver | Stored in gallbladder

Question 39

What is the function of bile?

Answer 39

Emulsification of fats

Question 40

What is calots cystohepatic triangle?

Answer 40

A trinagluar space formed by the: Cystic duct Common hepatic duct And inferior surface of liver

Question 41

What are the main histological features of the pancreas?

Answer 41

Islets of langerhans composed of clumps of poorly stained cells Pure serous acini composed of large strongly stained cells Small lobules surrounded by connective tissue septa

Question 42

What are the main histological features of the liver?

Answer 42

Cells arranged in sheets converging towards centre (central vein) At corner of lobule, connective tissue encloses portal areas containing blood vessels and ducts

Question 43

What are the histological features of the spleen?

Answer 43

Covered by dense fibromuscular capsule >Comprised of collagen and elastic fibres scattered with smooth muscle Branching trabeculae radiate within spleen Parenchyma of spleen called pulp

Question 44

What is the main content of white/red pulp?

Answer 44

White pulp - lymphocytes | Red pulp - red blood cells

Question 45

What is the costal cartilage marking of the gall bladder?

Answer 45

8th -9th ribs costal cartilage

Question 46

Which ribs are related to the spleen?

Answer 46

9-11