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Infectious Disease (OSI type) > Generalities > Flashcards

Generalities Flashcards

1
Q

What are your mobile genetic elements?

A
  1. Bacteriophage
  2. Plasmids
  3. Transposons
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2
Q

[Prokaryote/Eukaryote]

DNA within a nuclear membrane

A

Eukaryotes

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3
Q

[Prokaryote/Eukaryote]

membrane bound organelles

A

Eukaryote

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4
Q

[Prokaryote/Eukaryote]

50S + 30S ribosomes

A

prokaryotes

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5
Q

[Prokaryote/Eukaryote]

60S + 40S ribosomes

A

eukaryote

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6
Q

____ is the rate at which particles if a given size and shape travel; rate at which a molecule sediments under the centrifugal force of a centrifuge

A

Svedberg unit

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7
Q

___ is the area where prokaryotes store their genetic information

A

nucleoloid

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8
Q

___ are the only bacteria with sterols in their cell membrane

A

mycoplasma

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9
Q

[Prokaryote/Eukaryote/Viruse]

has either DNA or RNA
No ribosomes
has protein capsid
has lipoprotein envelope

A

virus

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10
Q

[Prokaryote/Eukaryote/Viruse]

has both DNA and RNA
70S ribosomes
no mitochondria
some are motile
divide by binary fission
A

bacteria

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11
Q

What is the Svedberg unit for the ribosomes of the fungi

A

80S

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12
Q

____ also refers to jumping genes

A

transposon

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13
Q

What are the two methods of transposition?

A
  1. Cut and paste (direct)

2. Copy and paste (replicative)

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14
Q

___ are non cellular infectious proteins

A

prions

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15
Q

pathological prions predominantly have what secondary structure

A

beta sheets

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16
Q

[Prion Disease]

PrPSc accumulates in which part of the cell?

A

Endosome

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17
Q

[Prion Disease]

Higher cortical dysfunction leading to dementia

A

CJD

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18
Q

[Prion Disease]

Cerebellar manifestation then to dysdiadochokinesia, ataxia, myoclonic jerks

A

Kuru

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19
Q

[Prion Disease]

mad cow disease is also known as

A

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

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20
Q

What is the required standard autoclave conditions?

A

121 deg C
15 to 20 mins
15 psi

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21
Q

[Bacterial Structure]

What enzyme crosslinks the sugar backbone to a peptide side chain to make bacterial cell wall

A

transpeptidase

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22
Q

What bond forms between NAM and NAG in the peptidoglycan?

A

beta 1-4 glycosidic bond

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23
Q

[Gram + or Gram -]

presence of lipopolysaccharide and periplasmic space

A

Gram negative

think

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24
Q

[Gram + or Gram -]

presence of teichoic acids

A

Gram positive

Thick, multilayer

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25
Q

Gram Negative cell walls contain endotoxin consist of ____

A

Lipid A and Lipid O

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26
Q

___ gram positive bacteria that has endotoxin

A

Listera monocytogenes

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27
Q

What are the steps in gram staining?

A
  1. Primary stain - crystal violet
  2. Mordant - iodine
  3. Decolorizing - acetone
  4. Counterstain - safranin
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28
Q

What is the primary stain to detect mycobacteria?

A

Carbol fuchsin

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29
Q

What is the mordant used in AFB smear?

A

steam heating

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30
Q

What is the counterstain used to detect mycobacteria?

A

Malachite green or methylene blue

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31
Q

[Diagnostic modality]

spirochetes

A

darkfield microscopy

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32
Q

[Diagnostic modality]

legionella

A

silver stain

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33
Q

[Diagnostic modality]

Chlamydiae

A

Giemsa stain –> inclusion bodies

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34
Q

[Diagnostic modality]

rickettsiae

A

Giemsa/Tissue stains

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35
Q

What are the bacteria not seen in gram stain

A
  1. Treponema
  2. Rickettsia
  3. Mycobacteria
  4. Mycoplasma
  5. Legionella
  6. Chlamydia
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36
Q

[Essential Components of bacteria]

Site of oxidative and transport enzyme

A

cytoplasmic membrane

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37
Q

[Essential Components of bacteria]

protein synthesis

A

ribosome

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38
Q

[Essential Components of bacteria]

genetic material

A

nucleoid

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39
Q

[Essential Components of bacteria]

participates in cell division and secretion

A

mesosome

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40
Q

[Essential Components of bacteria]

contains many hydrolytic enzymes, including beta lactamases

A

periplasm

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41
Q

[Non-essential Components of bacteria]

protect against phagocytosis

A

capsule

polysaccharide

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42
Q

[Non-essential Components of bacteria]

for attachment and conjugation

A

pilus or fimbria

glycoprotein

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43
Q

[Non-essential Components of bacteria]

mediates adherence to surfaces

A

glycocalyx

polysaccharide

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44
Q

[Non-essential Components of bacteria]

for motility

A

flagellum

protein

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45
Q

[Non-essential Components of bacteria]

resistance to heat and chemical

A

Spore

keratin-like coat, dipicolinic acid

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46
Q

[Non-essential Components of bacteria]

genes for antibiotic resistance and toxins

A

plasmid

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47
Q

[Non-essential Components of bacteria]

site of nutrients in cytoplasm

A

granule

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48
Q

The capsule of bacillus anthracis is composed on ____

A

polypeptide of D-glutamate

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49
Q

Quellung reaction is also called ___ reaction

A

Neufeld reaction

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50
Q

___ is an extrachromosomal, double stranded, circular DNA capable of replicating independently

A

plasmids

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51
Q

plasmids can be integrated into the bacterial chromosome called ____

A

episomes

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52
Q

Plasmids are significant for bacteria since it plays a role in ____

A
  1. Antibiotic resistance
  2. Resistance to heavy metals
  3. Resistance to UV light
  4. Pili
  5. Exotoxin and enterotoxin
  6. beacteriocin
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53
Q

In conjugation, who creates a conjugation pilus? (Donor/Receptor)

A

Donor

It creates a cytosolic bridge

54
Q

[Method of microbial control]

destroys or eliminates ALL forms of microbial life, including spores

A

Sterilization

autoclaving

55
Q

[Method of microbial control]

eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms, except bacterial spores in inanumate object

A

Disinfection

like applying rubbing alcohol

56
Q

[Method of microbial control]

reduction or removal of transient microbial flora

A

antisepsis

57
Q

[Method of microbial control]

disinfection of living tissue or skin of a patient

A

antisepsis

58
Q

[Method of microbial control]

Reduction of microbial contamination to an acceptable level

A

sanitization

59
Q

[Method of microbial control]

physical removal of microorganisms by using soaps or detergents

A

Degerming or cleaning

60
Q

[Method of microbial control]

handwashing with soap and running water

A

degerming or cleaning

61
Q

[Phase of bacterial growth]

depletion of metabolite as the result of unfavorable condition; zero growth rate

A

Phase 1 - lag phase

  1. adaptation to new environment
  2. Incorporation of nutrients
62
Q

[Phase of bacterial growth]

vigorous metabolic activity but cells do not divide

A

Phase 1 - lag phase

63
Q

[Phase of bacterial growth]

beta-lactams act during this phase

A

Phase 2 - log or exponential phase

64
Q

[Phase of bacterial growth]

rapid cell division occurs

A

Phase 2 - log or exponential phase

65
Q

[Phase of bacterial growth]

spore formation

A

Phase 3 - stationary phase

66
Q

[Phase of bacterial growth]

exhaustion of nutrients or the accumulation of toxic products; ZERO growth rate

A

Phase 3 - stationary phase

67
Q

[Phase of bacterial growth]

negative growth rate

A

decline or death phase

68
Q

[Bacterial oxygen metabolism]

What are the toxic products of oxygen metabolism

A
  1. Superoxide - Superoxide dismutase

2. Hydrogen peroxide - catalase, peroxidase

69
Q

[Aerobic metabolism]

completely dependent on oxygen for ATP generation

A

obligate aerobes

70
Q

[Aerobic metabolism]

use fermentation, but can tolerate low amounts of oxygen because they have SOD

A

microaerophiles

71
Q

[Anaerobic metabolism]

utilize O2 if available but can use fermentation in its absence

A

Facultative anaerobes

72
Q

[Anaerobic metabolism]

exclusively anaerobic but insensitive to the presence of O2

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

73
Q

[Anaerobic metabolism]

cannot grow in the presence of oxygen because they lack SOD, peroxidase, catalase

A

Obligate anaerobes

74
Q

Cite examples of obligate anaerobes

A
  1. Actinomyces
  2. Bacteroides
  3. Clostridium
75
Q

Cite examples of obligate aerobes

A
  1. Nocardia
  2. Neisseria
  3. Pseudomonas
  4. Mycobacteria
  5. Pseudomonas
  6. Bordetella/Brucella/ Bacillus cereus
  7. Legionella
76
Q

[Bacterial Genetics]

DNA transferred by a virus from one cell to another

A

Transduction

77
Q

[Bacterial Genetics]

purified DNA taken up by a cell

A

transformation

78
Q

[Bacterial Genetics]

DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another

A

conjugation

79
Q

[Bacterial Genetics: Conjugation]

Transfer from male to female is ___ (bidirectional/unidirectional)

A

Undirectional

Male transfers plasmid to female then both becomes male

80
Q

[Bacterial Genetics: Conjugation]

What part of the plasmid is transferred first?

81
Q

[Bacterial Genetics: Conjugation]

What part of the plasmid is transferred last?

A

tra region

82
Q

[Bacterial Genetics: Transduction]

___ cycle wherein the new phage DNA are synthesized and assembled into virions

A

lytic cycle

83
Q

[Bacterial Genetics: Transduction]

___ cycle wherein phage DNA integrates within the bacterial chromosomes by recombination becoming a prophage

A

lysogenic cycle

84
Q

What are examples of your prophage-coded bacteria?

A
  1. shigA-like toxin: EHEC
  2. Botulinum
  3. Cholera
  4. Diphtheria
  5. Erythrogenic toxin
85
Q

[Normal flora]

mouth

A

viridans streptoccus

86
Q

[Normal flora]

dental plaque

A

streptococcus mutans

87
Q

[Bacterial adherence]

___ mediates attachment of bacteria

88
Q

[Bacterial adherence]

___ mediate strong adherence to surface of human cells

A

glycocalyx

89
Q

[Bacterial adherence]

___ mediate binding of endothelium and to extracellular proteins such as fibronectin

A

curli

Like salmonella

90
Q

[Enzymes in bacterial invasion]

used to spread through subcutaneous tissue

A
  1. collagenase

2. hyaluronidase

91
Q

[Enzymes in bacterial invasion]

accelerates formation of fibrin clot coating the organism with a layer of fibrin

92
Q

[Enzymes in bacterial invasion]

allows adherence to mucous membranes

A

IgA protease

93
Q

[Enzymes in bacterial invasion]

destroys neutrophilic leukocyte and macrophages

A

Leucocidin (Panton-Valentine leucocidin)

94
Q

What are the bacteria with IgA protease?

A

SHiNe My Gong

  1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
  2. Haemophilus influenzae
  3. Neisseria meningitidis
  4. Neisseria gonorrhea
95
Q

[Virulence factor]

protect against phagocytosis

A

polysaccharide capsule

96
Q

[Virulence factor]

opsonization

A

polysaccharide capsule

97
Q

[Virulence factor]

S. pyogenes has __ protein

98
Q

[Virulence factor]

S. aureus has ___ protein

99
Q

[Virulence factor: Toxin production]

Produced by gram negative bacteria only

100
Q

[Virulence factor: Toxin production]

genes located in the bacterial chromosome, has a lipopolysaccharide chemistry

A

endotoxin

no vaccine available

101
Q

[Virulence factor: Toxin production]

Endotoxins are stable even up to this temperature

A

____ 100 deg C for 1 hour

102
Q

[Virulence factor: Toxin production]

location of genes of exotoxin

A

plasmid or bacteriophage

103
Q

[Virulence factor: Toxin production]

exotoxins are composed of ___

A

polypeptides

secreted from cell

104
Q

[Virulence factor: Toxin production]

high antigenicity

A

exoctoxin

use toxoids as vaccine

105
Q

[Virulence factor: Toxin production]

Exotoxins are destroyed rapidly at 60 deg C except for ____

A

Staphylococcal enterotoxin

106
Q

[Virulence factor: Toxin production]

produced inside the cell as part of their metabolism

107
Q

[Virulence factor: Exotoxin]

What are the subunits of exotoxin?

A

A subunit

B subunit

108
Q

Cite examples of bacteria that employs plasmid?

A
  1. Shigella dysenteriae
  2. ETEC
  3. B. anthracis
  4. C. tetani
109
Q

Cite examples of bacteria that employs phage?

A
  1. P. aeruginosa
  2. S. aureus
  3. S. pyogenes
  4. C. botulinum
110
Q

Cite examples of bacteria that employs bacterial chromosome

A
  1. S. aureus
  2. S. pyogenens
  3. C. perfrigenges
  4. P. aeruginosa
  5. EHEC
  6. V. cholerae
  7. B. pertussis
111
Q

Toxin of S. aureus that alter cellular component

A

alpha toxin

112
Q

[Virulence factor: Exotoxin]

Subunit that is that is a toxic subunit

A

A subunit

B is for binding

113
Q

Toxin of S. pyogenes that alter cellular component

A

Streptolysin O

114
Q

Toxin of C. perfinges that alter cellular component

A

alpha toxin

115
Q

Toxin of pseudomonas that alter cellular component

A

Type III cytotoxin

116
Q

Toxin of Salmonella spp that alter cellular component

A

Type III cytotoxin

117
Q

Toxin of S. aureus that is a superantigen from a bacterial chromosome

A

TSST-1

Superantigen activate Tcells

118
Q

Toxin of S. aureus that is a superantigen from a phage

A

Enterotoxin

119
Q

Toxin of S. pyogenes that is a superantigen from a bacterial chromosome

A

Erythrogenic toxin A and C

120
Q

Diptheriae toxin inhibits what ___

A

protein synthesis

121
Q

Toxin of P. aeruginosa that ribosylates EF2?

A

Exotoxin A

122
Q

Toxin of S. dysenteriae that inactivates 60S

A

Shiga toxin

123
Q

Toxin of EHEC that inactivates 60S?

A

Shiga-like toxin or Vero toxin

124
Q

Cholera toxin increases the synthesis of what secondary messenger?

125
Q

What are the toxins of ETEC that increases cAMP by turning on stimulatory G protein

A

LT toxin

ST toxin

126
Q

Anthrax toxin increases cAMP synthesis by ___

A

activating adenylate cyclase activity

127
Q

Pertussis toxin increase cAMP synthesis by ____

A

turning off inhibitory G protein

128
Q

Tetanus toxin inhibits ___ release

A

NT releasse

129
Q

Botulinum toxin inhibits ____

A

acetylcholine release

130
Q

[Virulence factor: Endotoxin]

What is the toxic component of lipopolysaccharide?

131
Q

What are the effects of Lipid A?

A
  1. Overproduction of cytokine
  2. Complement cascade
  3. Coagulation cascade activation
132
Q

Lipid A activates macrophages leading to increased in what body products

A
  1. IL-1
  2. TNF
  3. Nitric oxide

Infectious Disease (OSI type) (24 decks)

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