Gender - atypical gender development Flashcards
cisgender
gender identity matches sex
gender dysphoria
mismatch (incongruence) between sex and gender identity - causes extreme distress
gender diverse
transgender, non-binary, gender fluid, agender, etc.
is every gender diverse person gender dysphoric
no, it’s a mental disorder
what is an older term for gender dysphoria
gender identity disorder. suggests anyone gender diverse is mentally ill
DSM-5 requirements for gender dysphoria
- evidence for strong and persistent cross-gender identification
- discomfort and distress
- no intersex condition
- must be present for 2 years
genetic explanation of gender dysphoria
longer androgen receptors making men less responsive to testosterone and therefore more feminine
hormonal explanation of gender dysphoria
disorder in mother’s hormonal system. too much testosterone or too little in the womb
neural explanation of gender dysphoria
Sexually dimorphic nucleus is 2.5x larger in males
does the SDN correlate with gender or sex
gender
evidence supporting social explanations for gender dysphoria
Stoller -> GD results from overly close mother-son relationships
Recker -> absence of father causes GD, 36 dysphoric boys and 75% had no father figure
Littman -> interviewed parents of children w/ gender dysphoria. claimed parents thought this was bc of reinforcement from peers
evidence supporting biological explanations for gender dysphoria
Diamond -> 33% concordance rates in male MZ twins and 23% in female MZ twins
evaluation of gender dysphoria
+ bio research leads to successful hormone treatments
- lack of empirical evidence
- Recker very small sample size
- bidirectional ambiguity of bio explanations. brain changes after GD is present?
- social sensitivity -> conversion therapy, attachment?
