GEN BIO: CELL STRUC & FUNC

Question 1

What is the cell?

Answer 1

The smallest living and most basic unit for structure and function for all living things.

Question 2

Living cells are approximately how much water percentage?

Answer 2

Living cells average approximately 60% water and vary in size in shape

Question 3

[GENERAL ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE]
The Nucleus

Answer 3

Contains the genetic information or DNA and controls the activities of the cell

Question 4

[GENERAL ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE]
Plasma or Cell Membrane aka Semipermeable membrane

Answer 4

Separates the interior of the cell from the surrounding (interstitial) fluid

Question 5

[GENERAL ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE]
Interstitial fluid is what?

Answer 5

The fluid that surrounds the cell

Question 6

[GENERAL ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE]
What substances does the interstitial fluid contain?

Answer 6

Amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, hormones, neurotransmitters, and salts

Question 7

[GENERAL ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE]
What does the term selectively permeable (semipermeable) refer to?

Answer 7

1) The plasma membrane that contains pores and channels that allow only particles of the right size or chemical nature to pass through.
2) The plasma membrane contains receptors that bind with specific substances that it allows for special entry, or signals the cell to perform a certain activity.

Question 8

[GENERAL ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE]
What is the Cytoplasm?

Answer 8

The jelly-like fluid matrix between the plasma membrane and the nucleus that acts as scaffolding for the organelles.

Question 9

[GENERAL ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE]
What are Organelles “little organs”?

Answer 9

Specialized units in the cell that performs certain functions.

Question 10

[GENERAL ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE]
What are mitochondria?

Answer 10

Mitochondria are the sites of energy production and most of its ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the chemical the cell uses to store and transfer energy within itself.

Question 11

[GENERAL ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE]
What are Ribosomes?

Answer 11

Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell. Some ribosomes float freely, whereas others are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 12

[GENERAL ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE]
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

Answer 12

The ER serves as a means for transport within the cell and is made up of many channels. Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface and stores and delivers the proteins made by the attached ribosomes.
Smooth ER is free of ribosomes and is found in a variety of cells. It performs varying functions in different cells, including the storage of enzymes and minerals and the folding of proteins, among other things. It is thought to be involved in the detoxification of chemicals and the metabolism of fats.

Question 13

[GENERAL ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE]
What is the Golgi complex?

Answer 13

The golgi complex modifies and packages proteins for use in the cell or for export from the cell. TAGGING

Question 14

[GENERAL ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE]
What are Lysosomes?

Answer 14

Lysosomes are sacs that contain strong digestive enzymes. These sacs are responsible for digesting cell structures that are no longer living or that are malfunctioning, and for digesting waste.

Question 15

How can Plant cells be distinguished?

Answer 15

-Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall and they contain chloroplasts.
-The cell wall is essential for the protection of the cell, the maintenance of the shape, and water balance.
-Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll which is necessary for photosynthesis.
-Plant cells also often have larger vacuoles (which are compartments in the cytoplasm that act as places for secretion, excretion and storage.)

Question 16

What are vacuoles?

Answer 16

Compartments in the cytoplasm that act as places for secretion, excretion and storage.

Question 17

Why do cells divide?

Answer 17

Cells divide for a number of reasons: growth, repair, and the production of gametes (sperm or egg cells). The most important reason of cell division is that the genetic material, DNA, is transmitted to the offspring.

Question 18

Where is DNA found?

Answer 18

1) DNA is found in the nucleus in the form of chromatin and chromosomes.
2) When a cell is not dividing, DNA is found in the form of loosely structured chromatin
3) When a cell is dividing, the DNA is seen in condensed rod–shaped bodies called chromosomes.

Question 19

[When cells divide, the appropriate amount of genetic material must be passed on to the new, or so–called daughter, cells.]
In Somatic (nonreproductive) cells MITOSIS occurs

Answer 19

1) In MITOSIS the new cells are identical copies of the parent cells. This is achieved by a doubling of the chromosomes prior to division.
2) This type of cell division is useful in the growth and repair of our bodies.
3) Mitosis occurs in both plant and animal cells, although the process is slightly different.

Question 20

[When cells divide, the appropriate amount of genetic material must be passed on to the new, or so–called daughter, cells.]
MEIOSIS [the production of gametes]

Answer 20

1) These reproductive cells contain half the normal number of chromosomes so that the zygote, the cell created by the union of a sperm and egg, contains a full set of chromosomes, half from each parent.
2) Meiosis consists first of a doubling of chromosomes and then two subsequent divisions. Thus, the products are four daughter cells, each with half the normal number of chromosomes.

Question 21

Label the animal cell parts

Answer 21

Question 22

Label the animal cell parts

Answer 22

Question 23

Label the Plant cell

Answer 23

Question 24

Animal Cells

Answer 24

1. No Chloroplasts
2. No Cell Wall
3. Usually no large central vacuole.
4. Carbohydrates stored as glycogen.
5. Has lysosomes.
6. Shape- Changeable, usually rounded.

Question 25

Plant Cells

Answer 25

1. Chloroplasts present (usually)
2. Cell Wall
3. Most have large central vacuole.
4. Carbohydrates stored as starch.
5. Generally lacks lysosomes.
6. Shape- Rigid, often with ‘straight’ edges.

Question 26

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 26

Complex cells considered to be more modern then prokaryotes contain:
a. plasma membrane
b. central nucleus (usually). DNA is covered with histones (a type of protein).
c. Membrane-bound organelles (like mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuoles, ER, etc.…) within cytoplasm

Question 27

Examples of eukaryotic cells

Answer 27

Animal cells, plant cells, fungal cells, protist cells

Question 28

Organelles: any discrete structure within a cell which has a specific function

Answer 28

A) are surrounded by a plasma membrane
B) organize reactions so they can be more efficient
C) are only found in eukaryotic cells (they do not exist in prokaryotes)

Question 29

Intracellular

Answer 29

Found inside the cell (within cytoplasm)

Question 30

Extracellular

Answer 30

Found on outer surface of cell

Question 31

Acellular

Answer 31

Contains no cells

Question 32

Plasma membrane

Answer 32

1) Outer surface of animal cells
2) Phospholipid bilayer
3) Controls entry and exit of molecules.

Question 33

Nucleus

Answer 33

Information center of cell. Largest organelle, readily visible. Nuclear envelope: double membrane layer, restricts passage of molecules,. Chromosomes: contain heredity information (made of DNA and proteins).

Question 34

Nucleolus

Answer 34

In the center of nucleus—manufactures ribosomes

Question 35

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 35

-Tubules for transport and synthesis of large organic molecules.
-Often continuous with nuclear envelope. -Organize cell interior.
A) rough ER (rER): manufacture proteins for export *Ribosomes: assistant protein synthesis
B) smooth ER (sER): lack ribosomes so smooth surface. Synthesize carbohydrates and lipids. Associated with detoxification

Question 36

Lysosomes

Answer 36

Vacuole containing digestive enzymes—functions:
a. enzymes catalyze breakdown of macromolecules
b. Alter internal pH
c. Digest worn-out cell components
d. Digest pathogens engulfed by WBCs
e. Participate in selective cell death

Question 37

Mitochondria

Answer 37

Provides chemical energy (ATP) for cell
*Double membrane possesses own DNA: produces own RNA (ribosomes) capable of replication

Question 38

Chloroplasts

Answer 38

Photosynthesis (trap light energy in plants)
*occur in plants and algae. Double membranes. Possess own DNA, produce own RNA (ribosomes)

Question 39

Flagella and CIlia: motility

Answer 39

Flagella: long microtubule strands, locomotion MOTILITY
Cilia: short microtubule strands. Locomotion, pass fluids, react to sound waves MOTILITY

Question 40

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 40

Modification, packaging and distribution of finished macromolecules (carbs and lipids)

Question 41

Vacuoles

Answer 41

Membrane-bound organelles (compartments) for storage of macromolecules, water, or cellular wastes

Question 42

Cell Wall

Answer 42

Rigid outer layer of plant cells. Made of cellulose microfibrils

Question 43

Cells

Answer 43

Building blocks of all life

Question 44

Tissues

Answer 44

Groups of similar cells (nervous tissue, cardiac tissue, skeletal muscle tissue)

Question 45

Organs

Answer 45

Several types of tissues grouped together to help do a certain function (heart, brain, liver)

Question 46

Organ Systems

Answer 46

Groups of organs working together to perform the same job (EX: esophagus, stomach, small intestine etc. are part of the digestive system)

Question 47

Organism

Answer 47

Many different organ systems that work together to make one living thing

Question 48

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 48

1) No membrane bound internal organelles
2) Nucleic Acids: Naked DNA (no histones)
3) Free ribosomes in cytoplasm
4) No nucleus
5) Cell & Nuclear Division: Binary Fission

Question 49

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 49

Membrane bound internal organelles: Present
Nucleic Acids: DNA covered with histone proteins
Ribosomes: Attached to rER or free in cytoplasm
Nucleus: May be present
Cell & Nucleus Division: Mitosis & cytokinesis (asexual) meiosis and gamete fusion (sexual)