A&P: RESPIRATION

Question 1

[Respiration]
Respiration pathway
1/2

Answer 1

-air enters respiratory system through nasal cavities, which leads to the pharynx
-here, the glottis remains open, and the air travels to the larynx (voice box)
-from the larynx, the air travels to the trachea (windpipe), which branches into the bronchi, which leads to the lungs
-inside each lung, branching continues, creating thinner and thinner tubes, called bronchioles
-at the end of each bronchiole is an air sac called an alveolus (pl. alveoli)
-these thin and permeable air sacs are the functional units of the lung

Question 2

[Respiration]
Respiration pathway
2/2

Answer 2

-deoxygenated blood arrives at the lung via the pulmonary arteries from the RV
-the arteries branch into smaller and smaller vessels and finally become capillaries, which surround alveoli
-where the capillaries and alveoli meet, an exchange across the alveolar membrane via diffusion occurs
-the blood picks up oxygen, which is carried back to the heart, it releases carbon dioxide, which is exhaled

Question 3

[Respiration]
Respiration diagram

Answer 3

Question 4

[Respiration]
Respiration diagram
Pt.2

Question 5

Breathing

Answer 5

Process by which air is moved into and out of the lungs (this involves the diaphragm)

Question 6

Diaphragm

Answer 6

-A sheet of muscles lining the bottom of the thoracic cavity and the rib cage, which raises and lowers the pressure in the chest cavity
-lowering pressure in chest forces outside air into lungs, and increasing pressure in chest forces exhaled air out lungs
-exhaled air has a higher concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water than inhaled air
-rate of breathing is controlled by nervous system in response to CO2 levels in the blood
-high CO2 concentration in exhaled can be shown by blowing into an indicator such as lime water (which turns cloudy) or bromthymol blue (which turns yellow)

Question 7

Cellular Respiration
(Can be anaerobic or aerobic)

Answer 7

Process by which we get energy from the food we eat

Question 8

[cellular respiration]
Aerobic respiration

Answer 8

-oxygen present
-begins in the cytoplasm of cell and ends in mitochondria, where the energy from glucose is stored in the form of ATP
-opposite process to that of photosynthesis (during photosynthesis, a plant uses energy to convert water and CO2 to glucose)
-in aerobic respiration, we use glucose, at a cellular level, to obtain energy
-formula for aerobic respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -—> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 9

[cellular respiration]
Anaerobic respiration

Answer 9

-occurs if oxygen is not present
-less efficient than aerobic respiration, producing less ATP
-lactic acid is produced during anaerobic respiration (lactic acid is responsible for sore muscles after workout)
-anaerobic respiration in yeast is called fermentation, producing ethanol rather than lactic acid