CHEMISTRY: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Question 1

Organic chemistry

Answer 1

-the study of organic compounds, which are compounds that contain carbon
-ex. of organic compounds include hydrocarbons, such as methane or butane, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, and esters
-organic compounds are often represented with structural formulas

Question 2

Biochemistry

Answer 2

-chemistry of living things
-among the organic compounds that are important in biochemistry are: nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

Question 3

Carbohydrates

Answer 3

-contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is typically 2:1
-carbohydrates can be found in different sizes and are classified by size
-monosaccharides are simple sugars
-disaccharides are made from two monosaccharides and include table sugar, or sucrose
-polysaccharides are chains of monosaccharides and are commonly known as starch and glycogen

Question 4

Starch

Answer 4

-formed in plants, where glycogen is found in animals
-a common test for the presence of starch is Lugol’s solution (iodine), which turns blue-black in the presence of starch
-a common test for monosaccharides is Benedict’s solution, which, when heated with a simple sugar, turns brick red

Question 5

Lipids

Answer 5

-fats and steroids
-fats are made of fatty acids and glycerol
-each fat molecule is made up of one glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acids
-in saturated fats, the bonds between the carbons are single
-in unsaturated fats, the bonds tend to be double or triple bonds

Question 6

Proteins

Answer 6

-made up of amino acids, of which there are about 20 types
-the amino acids are linked in chains, and the sequence determines the properties of the protein
-ex. of proteins include enzymes, collagen (making up cartilage, tendons, bones), and keratin (hair and nails)
-a common test for the presence of proteins is Biuret solution

Question 7

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 7

-reaction in which small units, such as monosaccharides or amino acids, are joined to form larger molecules
-in this reaction, one molecule gives up a hydrogen atom and the other an OH to form water & the two molecules bond

Question 8

Hydrolysis

Answer 8

-a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules by adding water (H2O) and putting the H and OH back
-Hydrolysis is the opposite of dehydration