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T1- Dani's GA1 > GA1 - Thoracic Cage and Pectoral Region > Flashcards

GA1 - Thoracic Cage and Pectoral Region Flashcards

1
Q

Function of thoracic and pectoral regions

A

breathing; protection of vital organs; conduit

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2
Q

Components of thoracic and pectoral region

A

12 thoracic vertebrae; ribs and intercostal muscles; sternum

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3
Q

anterior median (midsternal) line

A

anatomical position - cuts body in half (right and left)

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4
Q

midclavicular lines

A

bilateral through clavicles

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5
Q

anterior/posterior axillary line

A

bilateral to the midaxillary line

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6
Q

midaxillary line

A

cuts body into anterior and posterior on the lateral side of the body; lateral cutaneous nerves; branches of intercostal nerves

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7
Q

surface landmarks - lines

A

help locating structures; reference points

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8
Q

superior thoracic aperature borders

A

T1, 1st rib, jugular notch

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9
Q

what runs through the superior thoracic aperature

A

trachea, esophagus, carotid artery, subclavian artery, nerves: vagus, phrenic; sympathetic chain ganglia

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10
Q

inferior thoracic aperature borders

A

T12, 12th rib, xiphosternal joint

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11
Q

what runs through the inferior thoracic aperature

A

descending aorta, esophagus, inferior vena cava, sympathetic chain, phrenic nerve and vagus nerve

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12
Q

head of ribs attaches to the

A

vertebral body

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13
Q

costal tubercle attaches to the

A

transverse process

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14
Q

neck of rib causes

A

slight constriction

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15
Q

costal angle is the

A

sharp bend in the rib

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16
Q

ribs are _____ bones

A

flat

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17
Q

vertebrae are _____ bones

A

irregular

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18
Q

scapula is a ______ bone

A

flat

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19
Q

3 components to the sternum

A

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

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20
Q

body of sternum in males

A

2x as big as manubrium

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21
Q

body of sternum in females

A

less than 2x as big as manubrium (smaller)

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22
Q

xiphoid process ossifies in early

A

40s

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23
Q

costochondritis

A

inflammation at costochondral junction; dancers and contact sports; no swelling

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24
Q

Tietze’s Syndrome

A

inflammation of costochondral junction

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25
Q

rib dislocation

A

cartilage separates from sternum

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26
Q

rib separation

A

cartilage and rib separate

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27
Q

rachitic rosary

A

vitamin D deficiency - causes rickets in children; end of ribs enlarge at the costochondral junction

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28
Q

cleidocranial dysostosis

A

no clavicles; attaching to 1st rib

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29
Q

pectus excavatum

A

funnel chest; sunken appearance of chest

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30
Q

pectus carinatum

A

pigeon breast; overgrowth of ribs

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31
Q

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) causes

A

cervical rib, tumors/enlarged lymph nodes or costoclavicular syndrome

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32
Q

cervical rib due to TOS

A

extra rib from C7

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33
Q

Costoclavicular syndrome due to TOS

A

diminishe spaced between clavicle and 1st rib compressing brachial plexus or subclavian artery

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34
Q

location of the breast - overlies? transversely extends? vertically extends?

A

subcutaneous, overlied deep fascia covering the pec major and serratus anterior; transversely extends from lateral border of the sternum to the midaxillary line; vertically extends from 2nd to 6th ribs

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35
Q

tissue of the breast

A

adipose and glandular tissue; variable amount of fat

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36
Q

axillary tail

A

extends laterally

37
Q

retromammary space

A

space between breast and deep fascia of pec major; to easily move

38
Q

suspensory ligaments of cooper

A

keeps the breast up or droopy if they lose tightness

39
Q

lactiferous ducts

A

15-20 channels to the sinuses

40
Q

lactiferous sinuses

A

15-20 dialated end nearer the nipple

41
Q

sebaceous gland of montgomery

A

bumbs on areola to lubricate the nipple

42
Q

mammary glands

A

modified sweat gland

43
Q

blood supply of the breast (3)

A

branches of the internal thoracic artery; lateral thoracic and thoracoacromial arteries; posterior intercostal arteries in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th ICS

44
Q

intercostal thoracic artery is a branch of the

A

subclavian artery

45
Q

intercostal thoracic artery branches into

A

PAMS: pericardial (phrenic), anterior intercostal, musculophrenic, superior epigastric

46
Q

posterior intercostal arteries are bracnhes of the

A

thoracic aorta

47
Q

lateral thoracic and thoracoacromial arteries are branches of

A

axillary artery

48
Q

venous drainage of the breast through

A

axillary vein and internal thoracic veins

49
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the breast

A

subareolar lymphatic plexus

50
Q

75% of lymph from breast, especially lateral quadrants, drains to

A

the axillary lymph nodes

51
Q

most of the remaining lymph, particularly the medial quadrants, either drains to _____ or ____

A

parasternal nodes or the other breast

52
Q

lymph from the lower quadrants drain into the

A

inferior phrenic nodes

53
Q

Upper Lateral quadrant, Upper medial quadrant, and left lateral quadrant drain to the

A

axillary lymph

54
Q

upper medial and lower medial drain to

A

the parasternal nodes or other breast

55
Q

lower lateral and medial drain to

A

inferior phrenic nodes

56
Q

right lower lower medial can drain to

A

the liver

57
Q

knowing where the lymph drains from the breast can

A

predict where cancer cells metastasize or infection

58
Q

nerve supply to the breast

A

lateral and anterior cutaneous branches of the 4th to 6h intercostal nerves

59
Q

nerves of the breast convey ____ fibers to the skin of the brast and _____ fibers to the blood vessels in the breast and smooth muscles in the overlying skin and nipple

A

sensory; sympathetic

60
Q

sympathetic fibers of the breast cause

A

the contraction of the errector pilli musclees and glands

61
Q

symoathetic fibers cause vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels

A

to divert blood away from skin to go to muscles

62
Q

sympathetic fibers cause vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels so that

A

blood goes to the skeletal muscles

63
Q

polythelia

A

extra nipples (2+)

64
Q

polymastia

A

extra breast

65
Q

amastia

A

no breasts

66
Q

breast cancer - “dimpling”

A

suspensory ligaments of cooper can retract pulling the skin

67
Q

gynecomastia

A

male developing breasts

68
Q

gynecomastia caused by

A

hormonal imbalance, steroids, in Kleinfelters

69
Q

Carcinoma - abnormal contours

A

breast is no shaped right

70
Q

Carcinoma - nipple retraction and deviation

A

nipple starts to turn inward

71
Q

Carcinoma - Peau d’orange sign

A

edema of the skin; obstruction of the lymphatic structures due to the cancer; tiny pores; leathery texture; orange skin

72
Q

what causes an increased thoracic volume

A

increase side to side diameter, A-P diameter (external intercostal and internal intercostal) and vertical length (diaphragm)

73
Q

an increased thoracic volume causes

A

lungs to passively expand and air rushes in through trachea

74
Q

diaphragm rises when

A

relaxed

75
Q

intercostal nerves are derived from

A

the thoracic spinal nerves

76
Q

ventral rami of T1-T11 form the

A

intercostal nerves between innermost and internal intercostal

77
Q

ventral ramus of T12 forms the

A

subcostal nerve

78
Q

dermatomes

A

bandlike skin areas each supplied by a single spinal nerve

79
Q

typical intercostal nerves

A

3-6

80
Q

intercostal nerves 3-6 branches (5)

A

rami communicantes, collateral branches, lateral cutaneous, anterior cutaneous, muscular

81
Q

atypical intercostal nerves

A

1 and 2

82
Q

thoracoabdominal nerves

A

7-11

83
Q

subcostal nerve

A

12

84
Q

arterial supply to thoracic wall

A

thoracia aorta, subclavian artery and axillary artery

85
Q

anastomosis

A

direct connection of 2 arteries or 2 nerves with capillaries

86
Q

joints have high ____ network

A

anastomotic

87
Q

thoracic wall venous drainage - posterior intercostal veins drain mostly into the

A

azygos venous system

88
Q

thoracic wall venous drainage - anterior intercostal veins drain into the

A

internal thoracic vein

89
Q

thoracic wall venous drainage - anterior and posterior intercostal veins _____ with each other

A

anastomose

T1- Dani's GA1 (17 decks)

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