First Cat Exam Flashcards
Function of the skeletal system
Support and protection
Big bump on the bone
Trochanter
Medium bump on the bone
Tubercle
Small bump on the bone
Tuberosity
Large bump in a joint that is rounded at the end of the bone; usually in pairs
Condyle
Large bump in a joint that is typically single and larger
Head
Any opening in a bone; usually arteries, veins, etc go through it
Foramen
Slit in the bone
Fissure
Natural body opening or canal; sometimes in bone, sometimes not
Meatus
Hollow cavity in the bone
Sinus
Shallow depression in the bone
Fossa
Types of joints
Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses
Joints that don’t move
Synarthroses
Joints that kind of move
Amphiarthroses
Freely moveable joints
Diarthroses
Parts of the cranium
Sutures (synarthrosis) Parietal bone Frontal bone Temporal Occipital
Joints that connect skull bones
Sutures (synarthrosis)
Left and right skull bones (2 posterior)
Parietal bone
Bone of the forehead; starts with two but they fuse together
Frontal bone
Side bones (bones of the temple)
Temporal
Bone in the back of the skull; posterior-most bone
Occipital
Parts of the occipital
Occipital protuberance
Foramen magnum
Little bump of the occipital bone that sticks out in the back of the skull
Occipital protuberance
Big hole that the brain stem goes through
Foramen magnum
Facial bones
Maxillae (maxilla)
Zygomatic
Upper jaw bone (where upper teeth are)
Maxilla
Lower bone of your eye (orbit)
Zygomatic
Lower jaw bone
Mandible
Parts of the mandible
Intermandibular symphysis
Condyloid process
Between the mandibles; where the two jaw bones meet and come together
Intermandibular symphysis
process in the TMJ joint
Condyloid process
How many cervical vertebrae are in a cat?
7
Thoracic vertebrae in cats versus humans
13 in cats; 12 in humans
How your ribs attach to your vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Parts of the vertebral column
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Caudal
Lower back
Lumbar
Lumbar vertebrae in humans vs cats
Humans 5, cats 7
3 in cats; fused to form the sacrum
Sacral
Up to 23 in cats that form the tail; 3-5 in humans that form the tailbone
Caudal
Forms the attachment of the tongue; ventral to larynx; not connected to any other bone
Hyoid
Breast bone
Sternum
Parts of the sternum
Manubrium
Xiphoid
Costal cartilage
Sternebrae
Top part of the sternum (superior end)
Manubrium
Inferior end of the sternum
Xiphoid
Connects the ribs to the sternum
Costal cartilage
Individual bones of the sternum
Sternebrae
12 in humans, 13 in cats
Ribs
1-9 ribs; attach individually to the sternum
Vertebrosternal
10-12 ribs; attach to the sternum as a group; also known as false ribs
Vertebrochondral
13 rib; doesn’t attach to the sternum
Floating
Chest
Pectoral girdle
Parts of the pectoral girdle
Clavicle
Scapula
Collarbone
Clavicle
Shoulder blade
Scapula
Parts of the scapula
Glenoid fossa Acromion process Scapular spine Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Subscapular fossa
Where the head of the humerus articulates with the scapula
Glenoid fossa
Largest bump on the scapula of the cat
Acromion process
Elevated ridge that runs along the scapula
Scapular spine
Fossa above the spine
Supraspinous fossa
Fossa below the spine
Infraspinous fossa
Deep fossa on the other side
Subscapular fossa
Parts of the forelimb
Humerus Radius Ulna Carpus Metacarpals Phalanges
Upper forelimb bone
Humerus
Medial lower arm bone
Radius
Lateral lower arm bone
Ulna
Parts of the ulna
Olecranon
Semilunar notch
Coronoid process
Styloid process
Pointy elbow part
Olecranon
Notch in the proximal end of the ulna
Semilunar notch
Pointy bottom part of the semilunar notch
Coronoid process
Distal end of the ulna
Styloid process
Wrist (made up of carpal bones)
Carpus
Long bones in the front paw
Metacarpals
Bones of the digits
Phalanges
What the front paw is called
Manus
Set of 3 bones that are fused
Pelvic girdle
What the pelvic girdle is called
Os coxae
Top part of the pelvic girdle; wing
Ilium
Pointy bottom part of the pelvic girdle; tuberosity
Ischium
Where the pubic bones come together; symphysis
Pubis
Where things get down your legs
Obturator foramen
Hindlimb
Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsus Metatarsals
Thigh bone
Femur
Parts of the femur
Head Neck Trochanter Medial and lateral condyles Trochanteric fossa Intercondyloid fossa
Rounded end that attaches into the hip
Head
Head is attached to femur by this
Neck
Femur has three of them
Trochanter
Rounded ends on the other end of the femur
Medial and lateral condyles
Depression between the trochanters
Trochanteric fossa
Between the two condyles where the patella sits
Intercondyloid fossa
Knee cap
Patella
Large shin bone
Tibia
Parts of the tibia
Medial and lateral condyles
Tuberosity
Medial malleolus
Distal end of the tibia on the medial side
Medial malleolus
Parts of the fibula
Head
Lateral malleolus
Proximal end of the tibia on the lateral side
Lateral malleolus
Heel bone of the tarsus
Calcaneus
Long bones in the back paw
Metatarsals
What is the hind paw called?
Pes
Divides body / parts of the body into right and left halves
Sagittal
Divide into equal right and left halves
Mid-sagittal
Plane in humans that cuts the body into upper and lower parts
Transverse
Plane of the body in cats that cuts the body into front and back parts
Transverse
Plane of the body in humans that divides the body into front and back parts
Frontal
Plane of the body in cats that divides the body into upper and lower parts
Frontal
Divides the body into an angle
Oblique
Towards the head
Cranial
Towards the tail
Caudal
Towards the nose
Rostral
Towards the back
Dorsal
Towards the belly
Ventral
Towards the midline
Medial
Away from the midline; towards the side
Lateral
Closer to the attachment to the trunk
Proximal
Farther from the attachment to the trunk
Distal
Toward the surface
Superficial
Away from the surface
Deep
Above
Superior
Below
Inferior
Towards the front
Anterior
Towards the back
Posterior
Function of the muscular system
Movement
Generation of heat
Types of muscle
Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal
Muscles associated with our internal organs
Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle…..
Involuntary
Also called visceral muscle
Only in the heart; combination of smooth and skeletal
Cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle…..
Involuntary
Has microscopic features
Voluntary that is stronger than smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle…..
Voluntary
Striated (has stripes)
____ major parts to a muscle
Three
Parts of a muscle
Belly
Origin
Insertion
Thick, middle part of a muscle
Belly
End of the muscle that’s attached to the part that doesn’t move
Origin
End of the muscle that’s attached to the bone that does move
Insertion
Other structures of muscle
Fascia
Tendon
Aponeurosis
Ligament
Broad connective tissue structure
Fascia
Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Tendon
Broad tendon
Aponeurosis
Attached bone to bone
Ligament
Muscle shapes
Convergent
Strap
Fan-shaped
Converges at both ends
Convergent
Do not converge
Strap
Converge at one end
Fan-shaped
The decrease in the angle of a joint
Flexion
Increasing the angle of a joint
Extension
Movement away from the body
Abduction
Bringing back toward the body
Adduction
Movement anteriorly
Protraction
Movement posteriorly
Retraction
Medial and lateral movement along an axis
Rotation
Movement of the palms down / posterior
Pronation
Movement of the palms up / anteriorly
Supination
The movement of the sole outward
Eversion
Movement of the sole inward
Inversion
Swinging arm or leg around its attachment
Circumduction
Types of muscle based on function
Prime movers
Synergists
Fixators
Antagonists
Contract to cause an action; can also be called agonists
Prime movers
Contract and stabilize intermediate joints in order to aid the prime movers
Synergists
Stabilize the origin of the prime movers; helps the bone not move
Fixators
Stretches and yields to the effect of the prime mover; biceps and triceps (when you flex one, the other one relaxes)
Antagonists
