DNA & RNA Chapter Test Flashcards by Grace Schumacher

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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Determined that DNA contains the genetic material

Hershey and Chase

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Determined the shape of DNA to be a double helix

Watson and Crick; Rosalind Franklin

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Monomer of DNA

Nucleotides

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Made up of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base that is attached to the sugar

Nucleotides

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Sugar and phosphate create the _____ to nucleotides

Backbone

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Sugar in DNA

Deoxyribose

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4 possible bases in DNA

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

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Double sided molecule that is twisted

DNA

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When only certain bases will bind with other bases

Complementary base pairing

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Function of DNA

Stores all genetic material for the cell

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Where is DNA located?

Lives in the nucleus but can also be found in the mitochondria

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Polymer of RNA

Nucleus acid

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Monomer of RNA

Nucleotides

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Sugar in RNA

Ribose

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Bases in RNA

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil

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Structure of RNA

Single-stranded (not twisted)

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Types of RNA

rRNA
mRNA
tRNA

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Structural component of the ribosome (protein synthesis)

Ribosomal RNA

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Where is rRNA made?

Nucleolus

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Carries the message from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

Messenger RNA

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Brings amino acids to the ribosome

Transfer RNA

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Cellular processes

DNA replication
Transcription
Translation

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The copying of the genetic material

DNA replication

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The copying of the DNA message by mRNA in the nucleus

Transcription

The construction of s protein at the ribosome by tRNA reading the mRNA and assembling amino acids

Translation

Where does DNA replication occur?

Nucleus

Every cell must have all of the _____ _____, but all cells don't necessarily use all of it

Genetic information

How do cells get all of the genetic information?

Replication bubbles

The fact that in each of the copies of DNA there is one new strand and one old strand

Semi conservative replication

Enzymes in DNA replication

Helicase DNA polymerase DNA ligase

Unwinds the alpha-helical structure of the DNA

Helicase

In replication bubbles, it adds nucleotides to the new DNA strand

DNA polymerase

Binds the nucleotides to the DNA strand

DNA ligase

Where does transcription occur?

Nucleus

Polymer of transcription

Proteins

Monomer of transcription

Amino acids

Came up with the "one gene only codes for one polypeptide" idea

Beadle and Tatum

The goal of transcription is to make ______

Proteins

In transcription, DNA is copied by ____

mRNA

The enzyme ___ ______ catalyzes transcription

RNA polymerase

The mRNA strand is _____ in the ____

Modified; nucleus

DNA sequences that don't code for proteins

Introns

Sequences of DNA that code for proteins

Exons

Original strand before it's modified

pre-mRNA

What modifies the pre-mRNA?

snRNP

Small, nuclear ribonuclear proteins that cut out what pre-mRNA don't need

snRNP

Where does pre-mRNA get modified?

Nucleus

mRNA is read in a series of ___

A series of 3 mRNA

Codon

Each 3-code of mRNA code for a different ____ _____

Amino acid

Building of a protein at the ribosome using the message from mRNA, tRNA is also involved

Translation

mRNA sends the ____ _____ to the ______ and tRNA sends _____ _____ to the _____ in translation

DNA message; ribosome; amino acids; ribosome

Made up of two subunits; site of protein synthesis

Ribosomes

Names of the subunits of ribosomes?

Large and small

How many tRNA binding sites are there?

Names of the tRNA binding sites

A and P

3-base sequence of tRNA

Anticodon

The ______ is the complement to the codon

Anticodon

List of what 3 bases code for what amino acid

Genetic dictionary

The start codon; only codes for methionine

AUG

Every protein begins with ______ but almost always gets it taken off

Methionine

Terminator codons

UAA, UGA, UAG

Any change in the nucleotide sequence; can involve a single nucleotide or a large region

Mutations

Single nucleotide mutation

Base substitution

One base is substituted for another accidentally; usually harmful

Base substitution

Effects of base substitution

Nothing Causes a protein to be dysfunctional Non-functional protein Enhanced functional protein

Type of base substitution

Base insertion of deletion

Shifts the reading frame

Base insertion or deletion

Base insertion of deletion is usually __ _____

A disaster

Causes of base insertion of deletion

Spontaneous (accidental and random) Physical (X-rays or UV light) Chemical agents

Causes a mutation

Mutagen

The act of causing a mutation

Mutagenesis