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DNA & RNA Chapter Test Flashcards

1
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

Determined that DNA contains the genetic material

A

Hershey and Chase

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3
Q

Determined the shape of DNA to be a double helix

A

Watson and Crick; Rosalind Franklin

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4
Q

Monomer of DNA

A

Nucleotides

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5
Q

Made up of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base that is attached to the sugar

A

Nucleotides

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6
Q

Sugar and phosphate create the _____ to nucleotides

A

Backbone

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7
Q

Sugar in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

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8
Q

4 possible bases in DNA

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

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9
Q

Double sided molecule that is twisted

A

DNA

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10
Q

When only certain bases will bind with other bases

A

Complementary base pairing

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11
Q

Function of DNA

A

Stores all genetic material for the cell

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12
Q

Where is DNA located?

A

Lives in the nucleus but can also be found in the mitochondria

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13
Q

Polymer of RNA

A

Nucleus acid

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14
Q

Monomer of RNA

A

Nucleotides

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15
Q

Sugar in RNA

A

Ribose

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16
Q

Bases in RNA

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil

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17
Q

Structure of RNA

A

Single-stranded (not twisted)

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18
Q

Types of RNA

A

rRNA
mRNA
tRNA

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19
Q

Structural component of the ribosome (protein synthesis)

A

Ribosomal RNA

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20
Q

Where is rRNA made?

A

Nucleolus

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21
Q

Carries the message from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

A

Messenger RNA

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22
Q

Brings amino acids to the ribosome

A

Transfer RNA

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23
Q

Cellular processes

A

DNA replication
Transcription
Translation

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24
Q

The copying of the genetic material

A

DNA replication

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25
Q

The copying of the DNA message by mRNA in the nucleus

A

Transcription

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26
Q

The construction of s protein at the ribosome by tRNA reading the mRNA and assembling amino acids

A

Translation

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27
Q

Where does DNA replication occur?

A

Nucleus

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28
Q

Every cell must have all of the _____ _____, but all cells don’t necessarily use all of it

A

Genetic information

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29
Q

How do cells get all of the genetic information?

A

Replication bubbles

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30
Q

The fact that in each of the copies of DNA there is one new strand and one old strand

A

Semi conservative replication

31
Q

Enzymes in DNA replication

A

Helicase
DNA polymerase
DNA ligase

32
Q

Unwinds the alpha-helical structure of the DNA

33
Q

In replication bubbles, it adds nucleotides to the new DNA strand

A

DNA polymerase

34
Q

Binds the nucleotides to the DNA strand

A

DNA ligase

35
Q

Where does transcription occur?

36
Q

Polymer of transcription

37
Q

Monomer of transcription

A

Amino acids

38
Q

Came up with the “one gene only codes for one polypeptide” idea

A

Beadle and Tatum

39
Q

The goal of transcription is to make ______

40
Q

In transcription, DNA is copied by ____

41
Q

The enzyme ___ ______ catalyzes transcription

A

RNA polymerase

42
Q

The mRNA strand is _____ in the ____

A

Modified; nucleus

43
Q

DNA sequences that don’t code for proteins

44
Q

Sequences of DNA that code for proteins

45
Q

Original strand before it’s modified

46
Q

What modifies the pre-mRNA?

47
Q

Small, nuclear ribonuclear proteins that cut out what pre-mRNA don’t need

48
Q

Where does pre-mRNA get modified?

49
Q

mRNA is read in a series of ___

50
Q

A series of 3 mRNA

51
Q

Each 3-code of mRNA code for a different ____ _____

A

Amino acid

52
Q

Building of a protein at the ribosome using the message from mRNA, tRNA is also involved

A

Translation

53
Q

mRNA sends the ____ _____ to the ______ and tRNA sends _____ _____ to the _____ in translation

A

DNA message; ribosome; amino acids; ribosome

54
Q

Made up of two subunits; site of protein synthesis

55
Q

Names of the subunits of ribosomes?

A

Large and small

56
Q

How many tRNA binding sites are there?

57
Q

Names of the tRNA binding sites

58
Q

3-base sequence of tRNA

59
Q

The ______ is the complement to the codon

60
Q

List of what 3 bases code for what amino acid

A

Genetic dictionary

61
Q

The start codon; only codes for methionine

62
Q

Every protein begins with ______ but almost always gets it taken off

A

Methionine

63
Q

Terminator codons

A

UAA, UGA, UAG

64
Q

Any change in the nucleotide sequence; can involve a single nucleotide or a large region

65
Q

Single nucleotide mutation

A

Base substitution

66
Q

One base is substituted for another accidentally; usually harmful

A

Base substitution

67
Q

Effects of base substitution

A

Nothing
Causes a protein to be dysfunctional
Non-functional protein
Enhanced functional protein

68
Q

Type of base substitution

A

Base insertion of deletion

69
Q

Shifts the reading frame

A

Base insertion or deletion

70
Q

Base insertion of deletion is usually __ _____

A

A disaster

71
Q

Causes of base insertion of deletion

A

Spontaneous (accidental and random)
Physical (X-rays or UV light)
Chemical agents

72
Q

Causes a mutation

73
Q

The act of causing a mutation

A

Mutagenesis

College Biology (16 decks)

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